use crate::render_ext::{PaintTarget, RenderExt};
use crate::to_peniko::{BlendModeExt, ToPenikoColor};
use core_types::CacheHash;
use core_types::attribute::{
	Background as BackgroundAttr, BlendMode as BlendModeAttr, Clip, ClippingMask, Dimensions, EditorLayerPath, EditorTextFrame, FontSize, LetterSpacing, LetterTilt, LineHeight, Location, MaxHeight,
	MaxWidth, Opacity, OpacityFill, Transform,
};
use core_types::blending::BlendMode;
use core_types::bounds::BoundingBox;
use core_types::bounds::RenderBoundingBox;
use core_types::color::Color;
use core_types::color::SRGBA8;
use core_types::lane::LaneSource;
use core_types::lane::{LeafLane, Single};
use core_types::list::{Item, List};
use core_types::math::quad::Quad;
use core_types::record::{Group, RunView};
use core_types::render_complexity::RenderComplexity;
use core_types::transform::Footprint;
use core_types::uuid::{NodeId, generate_uuid};
use core_types::{ATTR_EDITOR_LAYER_PATH, ATTR_TRANSFORM};
use dyn_any::DynAny;
use glam::{DAffine2, DMat2, DVec2};
use graphene_hash::CacheHashWrapper;
use graphene_resource::Resource;
use graphic_types::graphic::{PaintColumns, PaintOverlay, PaintReach, has_paint, is_paint_present, paint_graphics, set_paint_attribute, vector_can_reduce_to_clip_path};
use graphic_types::markers::{EditorMergedLayers, Fill, Stroke};
use graphic_types::raster_types::{BitmapMut, CPU, GPU, Image, Raster, Texture};
use graphic_types::vector_types::gradient::{Gradient, GradientType};
use graphic_types::vector_types::markers::{GradientType as GradientTypeAttr, SpreadMethod};
use graphic_types::vector_types::subpath::Subpath;
use graphic_types::vector_types::vector::click_target::{ClickTarget, FreePoint};
use graphic_types::vector_types::vector::style::{PaintOrder, RenderMode, StrokeAlign, StrokeCap, StrokeJoin};
use graphic_types::{ATTR_FILL, Artboard, Graphic, Vector};
use kurbo::{Affine, BezPath, Cap, Join, Shape, StrokeOpts};
use num_traits::Zero;
use skrifa::instance::{LocationRef, NormalizedCoord, Size};
use skrifa::outline::{DrawSettings, OutlinePen};
use skrifa::raw::FontRef as SkrifaFontRef;
use skrifa::{GlyphId, MetadataProvider};
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::fmt::Write;
use std::hash::Hash;
use std::ops::Deref;
use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
use text_nodes::markers::{Font, TextAlign};
use vector_types::gradient::GradientSpreadMethod;
use vector_types::markers::EditorClickTarget;
use vello::*;

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
enum MaskType {
	Clip,
	Mask,
}

impl MaskType {
	fn to_attribute(self) -> String {
		match self {
			Self::Mask => "mask".to_string(),
			Self::Clip => "clip-path".to_string(),
		}
	}

	fn write_to_defs(self, svg_defs: &mut String, uuid: u64, svg_string: String) {
		let id = format!("mask-{uuid}");
		match self {
			Self::Clip => write!(svg_defs, r##"<clipPath id="{id}">{svg_string}</clipPath>"##).unwrap(),
			Self::Mask => write!(svg_defs, r##"<mask id="{id}" mask-type="alpha">{svg_string}</mask>"##).unwrap(),
		}
	}
}

/// Mutable state used whilst rendering to an SVG
pub struct SvgRender {
	pub svg: Vec<SvgSegment>,
	pub svg_defs: String,
	pub transform: DAffine2,
	pub image_data: HashMap<CacheHashWrapper<Image<Color>>, u64>,
	indent: usize,
}

impl SvgRender {
	pub fn new() -> Self {
		Self {
			svg: Vec::default(),
			svg_defs: String::new(),
			transform: DAffine2::IDENTITY,
			image_data: HashMap::new(),
			indent: 0,
		}
	}

	pub fn indent(&mut self) {
		self.svg.push("\n".into());
		self.svg.push("\t".repeat(self.indent).into());
	}

	/// Add an outer `<svg>...</svg>` tag with a `viewBox` and the `<defs />`
	pub fn format_svg(&mut self, bounds_min: DVec2, bounds_max: DVec2) {
		let (x, y) = bounds_min.into();
		let (size_x, size_y) = (bounds_max - bounds_min).into();
		let svg_header = format!(
			r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:graphite="https://graphite.art" viewBox="{x} {y} {size_x} {size_y}"><defs>{defs}</defs>"#,
			defs = &self.svg_defs
		);
		self.svg_defs = String::new();
		self.svg.insert(0, svg_header.into());
		self.svg.push("</svg>".into());
	}

	/// Wraps the SVG with `<svg><g transform="...">...</g></svg>`, which allows for rotation
	pub fn wrap_with_transform(&mut self, transform: DAffine2, size: Option<DVec2>) {
		let view_box = size
			.map(|size| format!("viewBox=\"0 0 {} {}\" width=\"{}\" height=\"{}\"", size.x, size.y, size.x, size.y))
			.unwrap_or_default();

		let matrix = format_transform_matrix(transform);
		let transform = if matrix.is_empty() { String::new() } else { format!(r#" transform="{matrix}""#) };

		let svg_header = format!(
			r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:graphite="https://graphite.art" {view_box}><defs>{defs}</defs><g{transform}>"#,
			defs = &self.svg_defs
		);
		self.svg_defs = String::new();
		self.svg.insert(0, svg_header.into());
		self.svg.push("</g></svg>".into());
	}

	pub fn leaf_tag(&mut self, name: impl Into<SvgSegment>, attributes: impl FnOnce(&mut SvgRenderAttrs)) {
		self.indent();

		self.svg.push("<".into());
		self.svg.push(name.into());

		attributes(&mut SvgRenderAttrs(self));

		self.svg.push("/>".into());
	}

	pub fn leaf_node(&mut self, content: impl Into<SvgSegment>) {
		self.indent();
		self.svg.push(content.into());
	}

	pub fn parent_tag(&mut self, name: impl Into<SvgSegment>, attributes: impl FnOnce(&mut SvgRenderAttrs), inner: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) {
		let name = name.into();
		self.indent();
		self.svg.push("<".into());
		self.svg.push(name.clone());
		// Wraps `self` in a newtype (1-tuple) which is then mutated by the `attributes` closure
		attributes(&mut SvgRenderAttrs(self));
		self.svg.push(">".into());
		let length = self.svg.len();
		self.indent += 1;
		inner(self);
		self.indent -= 1;
		if self.svg.len() != length {
			self.indent();
			self.svg.push("</".into());
			self.svg.push(name);
			self.svg.push(">".into());
		} else {
			self.svg.pop();
			self.svg.push("/>".into());
		}
	}
}

pub struct SvgRenderOutput {
	pub svg: String,
	pub svg_defs: String,
	pub image_data: HashMap<CacheHashWrapper<Image<Color>>, u64>,
}

impl From<&SvgRenderOutput> for SvgRender {
	fn from(value: &SvgRenderOutput) -> Self {
		Self {
			svg: vec![value.svg.clone().into()],
			svg_defs: value.svg_defs.clone(),
			transform: DAffine2::IDENTITY,
			image_data: value.image_data.clone(),
			indent: 0,
		}
	}
}

impl From<SvgRender> for SvgRenderOutput {
	fn from(val: SvgRender) -> Self {
		Self {
			svg: val.svg.to_svg_string(),
			svg_defs: val.svg_defs,
			image_data: val.image_data,
		}
	}
}

impl Default for SvgRender {
	fn default() -> Self {
		Self::new()
	}
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct RenderContext {
	pub resource_overrides: Vec<(peniko::ImageBrush, Texture)>,
}

#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Hash, graphene_hash::CacheHash)]
pub enum RenderOutputType {
	#[default]
	Svg,
	Vello,
}

/// Static state used whilst rendering
#[derive(Default, Clone, CacheHash)]
pub struct RenderParams {
	pub render_mode: RenderMode,
	pub footprint: Footprint,
	#[cache_hash(skip)]
	pub scale: f64,
	pub render_output_type: RenderOutputType,
	pub thumbnail: bool,
	/// Are we exporting
	pub for_export: bool,
	/// Are we generating a mask in this render pass? Used to see if fill should be multiplied with alpha.
	pub for_mask: bool,
	/// Are we generating a mask for alignment? Used to prevent unnecessary transforms in masks
	pub alignment_parent_transform: Option<DAffine2>,
	pub aligned_strokes: bool,
	pub override_paint_order: bool,
	/// Are we rendering for a pattern content
	pub inside_pattern: bool,
	pub artboard_background: Option<Color>,
	/// Viewport zoom level (document-space scale). Used to compute constant viewport-pixel stroke widths in Outline mode.
	pub viewport_zoom: f64,
}

impl RenderParams {
	pub fn for_clipper(&self) -> Self {
		Self { for_mask: true, ..*self }
	}

	pub fn for_alignment(&self, transform: DAffine2) -> Self {
		Self {
			alignment_parent_transform: Some(transform),
			..*self
		}
	}

	pub fn for_pattern(&self) -> Self {
		Self { inside_pattern: true, ..*self }
	}

	pub fn to_canvas(&self) -> bool {
		!self.for_export && !self.thumbnail && !self.for_mask && !self.inside_pattern
	}
}

pub fn format_transform_matrix(transform: DAffine2) -> String {
	if transform == DAffine2::IDENTITY {
		return String::new();
	}

	transform.to_cols_array().iter().enumerate().fold("matrix(".to_string(), |val, (i, num)| {
		let num = if num.abs() < 1_000_000_000. { (num * 1_000_000_000.).round() / 1_000_000_000. } else { *num };
		let num = if num.is_zero() { "0".to_string() } else { num.to_string() };
		let comma = if i == 5 { "" } else { "," };
		val + &(num + comma)
	}) + ")"
}

/// `(max, min)` factors by which a unit vector is stretched under `transform`'s linear part — the
/// principal and minor singular values, equal to the semi-axes of the ellipse a unit circle maps to.
/// Equivalent to `(max(sx, sy), min(sx, sy))` for axis-aligned scales, but accounts for shear.
fn singular_values(transform: DAffine2) -> (f64, f64) {
	let m = transform.matrix2;
	let a = m.x_axis.x;
	let b = m.x_axis.y;
	let c = m.y_axis.x;
	let d = m.y_axis.y;
	// Eigenvalues of MᵀM via the closed form for a 2×2, both are non-negative
	let trace = a * a + b * b + c * c + d * d;
	let det = a * d - b * c;
	let discriminant = (trace * trace - 4. * det * det).max(0.).sqrt();
	let largest_eigenvalue = (trace + discriminant) * 0.5;
	let smallest_eigenvalue = ((trace - discriminant) * 0.5).max(0.);
	(largest_eigenvalue.sqrt(), smallest_eigenvalue.sqrt())
}

pub fn black_or_white_for_best_contrast(background: Option<Color>) -> Color {
	let Some(bg) = background else { return core_types::consts::LAYER_OUTLINE_STROKE_COLOR };

	let alpha = bg.a();

	// Un-premultiply, then encode to gamma sRGB to do the composite in display space.
	let (gamma_r, gamma_g, gamma_b) = if alpha > f32::EPSILON {
		let [r, g, b, _] = Color::from_rgbaf32_unchecked(bg.r() / alpha, bg.g() / alpha, bg.b() / alpha, alpha).to_gamma_srgb_channels();
		(r, g, b)
	} else {
		(0., 0., 0.)
	};

	// Composite over black in sRGB space (premultiplied by alpha), then decode to linear for the luminance test.
	let composited = Color::from_gamma_srgb_channels(gamma_r * alpha, gamma_g * alpha, gamma_b * alpha, 1.);

	let threshold = (1.05 * 0.05f32).sqrt() - 0.05;

	if composited.luminance_rec_709() > threshold { Color::BLACK } else { Color::WHITE }
}

pub fn to_transform(transform: DAffine2) -> usvg::Transform {
	let cols = transform.to_cols_array();
	usvg::Transform::from_row(cols[0] as f32, cols[1] as f32, cols[2] as f32, cols[3] as f32, cols[4] as f32, cols[5] as f32)
}

fn to_point(p: DVec2) -> kurbo::Point {
	kurbo::Point::new(p.x, p.y)
}

fn get_outline_styles(render_params: &RenderParams) -> (kurbo::Stroke, peniko::Color) {
	use core_types::consts::LAYER_OUTLINE_STROKE_WEIGHT;

	let outline_stroke = kurbo::Stroke {
		width: LAYER_OUTLINE_STROKE_WEIGHT / if render_params.viewport_zoom > 0. { render_params.viewport_zoom } else { 1. },
		miter_limit: 4.,
		join: Join::Miter,
		start_cap: Cap::Butt,
		end_cap: Cap::Butt,
		dash_pattern: Default::default(),
		dash_offset: 0.,
	};

	let outline_color = black_or_white_for_best_contrast(render_params.artboard_background);
	let outline_color_peniko = SRGBA8::from(outline_color).to_peniko_color();

	(outline_stroke, outline_color_peniko)
}

fn draw_raster_outline(scene: &mut Scene, outline_transform: &DAffine2, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	use graphic_types::vector_types::vector::PointId;

	let (outline_stroke, outline_color_peniko) = get_outline_styles(render_params);

	let mut outline_path = Subpath::<PointId>::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, DVec2::ONE).to_bezpath();
	outline_path.apply_affine(Affine::new(outline_transform.to_cols_array()));

	scene.stroke(&outline_stroke, Affine::IDENTITY, outline_color_peniko, None, &outline_path);
}

/// Emits an SVG `<path>` element with the resolved fill attribute corresponding to the given fill_graphic.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn emit_svg_fill_path(
	render: &mut SvgRender,
	d: String,
	fill_graphic_list: Option<&List<Graphic>>,
	item_transform: DAffine2,
	element_transform: DAffine2,
	applied_stroke_transform: DAffine2,
	bounds_matrix: DAffine2,
	render_params: &RenderParams,
) {
	render.leaf_tag("path", |attributes| {
		attributes.push("d", d);
		let matrix = format_transform_matrix(element_transform);
		if !matrix.is_empty() {
			attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
		}
		let defs = &mut attributes.0.svg_defs;
		let fill_attribute = fill_graphic_list
			.map(|list| list.render(defs, item_transform, element_transform, applied_stroke_transform, bounds_matrix, render_params, PaintTarget::Fill))
			.unwrap_or_else(|| r#" fill="none""#.to_string());
		attributes.push_val(fill_attribute);
	});
}

/// Whether the affine transform inverts to a finite matrix (a zero, subnormal, or NaN determinant does not).
pub(crate) fn transform_is_invertible(transform: DAffine2) -> bool {
	transform.matrix2.determinant().recip().is_finite()
}

/// Maps a gradient's `transform` into the frame handed to the renderer: radial keeps the full matrix (so a
/// non-uniform transform makes an ellipse), while linear is reduced to the equivalent non-sheared gradient line (the
/// axis projected onto the band normal) so the iso-color bands keep following a sheared transform, which Vello can
/// represent since it stores only two endpoints.
pub(crate) fn gradient_placement(transform: DAffine2, gradient_type: GradientType) -> DAffine2 {
	match gradient_type {
		GradientType::Radial => transform,
		GradientType::Linear => {
			let axis = transform.matrix2.x_axis;
			let band_normal = transform.matrix2.y_axis.perp();
			let line = if band_normal.length_squared() > 0. { axis.project_onto(band_normal) } else { axis };
			DAffine2 {
				matrix2: DMat2::from_cols(line, line.perp()),
				translation: transform.translation,
			}
		}
	}
}

fn create_peniko_gradient_brush<S: LaneSource<Element = Gradient>>(gradient_list: &S, multiplied_transform: &DAffine2) -> Option<(peniko::Brush, DAffine2)> {
	let stops = gradient_list.element(0)?;

	let gradient_type: GradientType = gradient_list.attr::<GradientTypeAttr>(0);
	let gradient_transform: DAffine2 = gradient_list.attr::<Transform>(0);
	let spread_method: GradientSpreadMethod = gradient_list.attr::<SpreadMethod>(0);

	let mut peniko_stops = peniko::ColorStops::new();
	for (position, color, _) in stops.interpolated_samples() {
		peniko_stops.push(peniko::ColorStop {
			offset: position as f32,
			color: peniko::color::DynamicColor::from_alpha_color(SRGBA8::from(color).to_peniko_color()),
		});
	}

	// The unit gradient is placed by the desheared frame so a non-uniform transform produces the intended ellipse
	let (start, end, gradient_to_device) = (DVec2::ZERO, DVec2::X, gradient_placement(multiplied_transform * gradient_transform, gradient_type));

	let brush = peniko::Brush::Gradient(peniko::Gradient {
		kind: match gradient_type {
			GradientType::Linear => peniko::LinearGradientPosition {
				start: to_point(start),
				end: to_point(end),
			}
			.into(),
			GradientType::Radial => peniko::RadialGradientPosition {
				start_center: to_point(start),
				start_radius: 0.,
				end_center: to_point(start),
				end_radius: start.distance(end) as f32,
			}
			.into(),
		},
		extend: match spread_method {
			GradientSpreadMethod::Pad => peniko::Extend::Pad,
			GradientSpreadMethod::Reflect => peniko::Extend::Reflect,
			GradientSpreadMethod::Repeat => peniko::Extend::Repeat,
		},
		stops: peniko_stops,
		interpolation_alpha_space: peniko::InterpolationAlphaSpace::Premultiplied,
		..Default::default()
	});

	Some((brush, gradient_to_device))
}

// TODO: Click targets can be removed from the render output, since the vector data is available in the vector modify data from Monitor nodes.
// This will require that the transform for child layers into that layer space be calculated, or it could be returned from the RenderOutput instead of click targets.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, DynAny)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
pub struct RenderMetadata {
	pub upstream_footprints: HashMap<NodeId, Footprint>,
	pub local_transforms: HashMap<NodeId, DAffine2>,
	pub first_element_source_id: HashMap<NodeId, Option<NodeId>>,
	pub click_targets: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<Arc<ClickTarget>>>,
	/// Source-geometry outlines for hover/selection overlays, separate from `click_targets` so
	/// nodes with an `editor:click_target` override still outline the precise geometry.
	pub outlines: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<Arc<ClickTarget>>>,
	/// Per-layer text frame from row 0's `editor:text_frame` attribute.
	/// The Text tool composes this with `transform_to_viewport(layer)` to position its drag cage.
	pub text_frames: HashMap<NodeId, DAffine2>,
	pub clip_targets: HashSet<NodeId>,
	pub vector_data: HashMap<NodeId, Arc<Vector>>,
	/// Per-layer `ATTR_FILL` row attribute, exposed so message handlers can read it.
	#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(skip))]
	pub fill_attributes: HashMap<NodeId, Arc<List<Graphic<'static>>>>,
	/// Per-layer `ATTR_STROKE` row attribute, exposed so message handlers can read it.
	#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(skip))]
	pub stroke_attributes: HashMap<NodeId, Arc<List<Graphic<'static>>>>,
	pub backgrounds: Vec<Background>,
}

impl RenderMetadata {
	pub fn apply_transform(&mut self, transform: DAffine2) {
		for value in self.upstream_footprints.values_mut() {
			value.transform = transform * value.transform;
		}
	}

	/// Merge another RenderMetadata into this one.
	/// Values from `other` take precedence for duplicate keys.
	pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &RenderMetadata) {
		// Destructure Self to get errors when new fields are added to the struct
		let RenderMetadata {
			upstream_footprints,
			local_transforms,
			first_element_source_id,
			click_targets,
			outlines,
			text_frames,
			clip_targets,
			vector_data,
			fill_attributes,
			stroke_attributes,
			backgrounds,
		} = self;
		upstream_footprints.extend(other.upstream_footprints.iter());
		local_transforms.extend(other.local_transforms.iter());
		first_element_source_id.extend(other.first_element_source_id.iter());
		click_targets.extend(other.click_targets.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.clone())));
		outlines.extend(other.outlines.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.clone())));
		text_frames.extend(other.text_frames.iter());
		clip_targets.extend(other.clip_targets.iter());
		vector_data.extend(other.vector_data.iter().map(|(id, data)| (*id, data.clone())));
		fill_attributes.extend(other.fill_attributes.iter().map(|(id, data)| (*id, data.clone())));
		stroke_attributes.extend(other.stroke_attributes.iter().map(|(id, data)| (*id, data.clone())));

		// TODO: Find a better non O(n^2) way to merge backgrounds
		for background in &other.backgrounds {
			if !backgrounds.contains(background) {
				backgrounds.push(background.clone());
			}
		}
	}
}

#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, DynAny, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
pub struct Background {
	pub location: DVec2,
	pub dimensions: DVec2,
}

// TODO: Rename to "Graphical"
pub trait Render: BoundingBox + RenderComplexity {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams);

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, _render_params: &RenderParams);

	/// The upstream click targets for each layer are collected during the render so that they do not have to be calculated for each click detection.
	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, _click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {}

	/// Like `add_upstream_click_targets` but for visual outlines. `List<Vector>` overrides this to ignore `editor:click_target` so outlines reflect the actual geometry.
	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		self.add_upstream_click_targets(outlines);
	}

	// TODO: Store all click targets in a vec which contains the AABB, click target, and path
	// fn add_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<([DVec2; 2], ClickTarget, Vec<NodeId>)>, current_path: Option<NodeId>) {}

	/// Recursively iterate over data in the render (including nested layer stacks upstream of a vector node, in the case of a boolean operation) to collect the footprints, click targets, and vector modify.
	fn collect_metadata(&self, _metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, _footprint: Footprint, _element_id: Option<NodeId>) {}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		false
	}

	fn new_ids_from_hash(&mut self, _reference: Option<NodeId>) {}
}

impl Render for Graphic<'_> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		match self {
			Graphic::Graphic(list) => list.render_svg(render, render_params),
			Graphic::Vector(vector) => render_vector_svg(&Single(vector), render, render_params),
			Graphic::RasterCPU(raster) => render_raster_cpu_svg(&Single(raster), render, render_params),
			Graphic::RasterGPU(_) => (),
			Graphic::Color(color) => render_color_svg(&Single(color), render, render_params),
			Graphic::Gradient(gradient) => render_gradient_svg(&Single(gradient), render, render_params),
			Graphic::Text(text) => render_text_svg(&Single(text), render, render_params),
			Graphic::Group(group) => render_group_svg(group, PaintReach::NONE, render, render_params),
		}
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		match self {
			Graphic::Graphic(list) => list.render_to_vello(scene, transform, context, render_params),
			Graphic::Vector(vector) => render_vector_vello(&Single(vector), scene, transform, context, render_params),
			Graphic::RasterCPU(raster) => render_raster_cpu_vello(&Single(raster), scene, transform, render_params),
			Graphic::RasterGPU(raster) => render_raster_gpu_vello(&Single(raster), scene, transform, context, render_params),
			Graphic::Color(color) => render_color_vello(&Single(color), scene, render_params),
			Graphic::Gradient(gradient) => render_gradient_vello(&Single(gradient), scene, transform, render_params),
			Graphic::Text(text) => render_text_vello(&Single(text), scene, transform, render_params),
			Graphic::Group(group) => render_group_vello(group, PaintReach::NONE, scene, transform, context, render_params),
		}
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_element_metadata(self, PaintReach::NONE, DAffine2::IDENTITY, None, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_element_upstream_click_targets(self, PaintReach::NONE, click_targets)
	}

	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_element_upstream_outline_targets(self, PaintReach::NONE, outlines)
	}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		match self {
			Graphic::Graphic(list) => list.contains_artboard(),
			_ => false,
		}
	}

	fn new_ids_from_hash(&mut self, reference: Option<NodeId>) {
		match self {
			Graphic::Graphic(list) => list.new_ids_from_hash(reference),
			Graphic::Vector(vector) => vector.vector_new_ids_from_hash(reference.map(|id| id.0).unwrap_or_default()),
			_ => (),
		}
	}
}

fn render_element_svg<'a>(element: &'a Graphic, reach: PaintReach<'a>, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	match element {
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => render_vector_svg(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint), render, render_params),
		Graphic::Graphic(inner) => render_graphic_svg_with(inner, reach.nested(), render, render_params),
		Graphic::Group(group) => render_group_svg(group, reach, render, render_params),
		_ => element.render_svg(render, render_params),
	}
}

fn render_element_vello<'a>(element: &'a Graphic, reach: PaintReach<'a>, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	match element {
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => render_vector_vello(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint), scene, transform, context, render_params),
		Graphic::Graphic(inner) => render_graphic_vello_with(inner, reach.nested(), scene, transform, context, render_params),
		Graphic::Group(group) => render_group_vello(group, reach, scene, transform, context, render_params),
		_ => element.render_to_vello(scene, transform, context, render_params),
	}
}

fn element_can_reduce_to_clip_path<'a>(element: &'a Graphic, reach: PaintReach<'a>) -> bool {
	match element {
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => vector_can_reduce_to_clip_path(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint)),
		Graphic::Group(group) => match RunView::<Vector>::new(&group.content) {
			Some(run) if reach.applies() => vector_can_reduce_to_clip_path(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint)),
			Some(run) => vector_can_reduce_to_clip_path(&run),
			None => false,
		},
		_ => element.can_reduce_to_clip_path(),
	}
}

fn collect_element_metadata<'a>(
	element: &'a Graphic,
	reach: PaintReach<'a>,
	lane_transform: DAffine2,
	lane_source: Option<NodeId>,
	metadata: &mut RenderMetadata,
	footprint: Footprint,
	element_id: Option<NodeId>,
) {
	if let Some(element_id) = element_id {
		metadata.upstream_footprints.insert(element_id, footprint);
		match element {
			Graphic::Group(group) => collect_group_row_metadata(group, metadata, element_id),
			Graphic::Graphic(_) => {}
			// A leaf's layer identity and transform ride its containing lane.
			Graphic::Vector(_) => {
				metadata.first_element_source_id.insert(element_id, lane_source);
				metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, lane_transform);
			}
			_ => {
				metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, lane_transform);
			}
		}
	}

	match element {
		Graphic::Graphic(list) => collect_graphic_metadata_with(list, reach.nested(), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => collect_vector_metadata(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) => collect_vector_metadata(&Single(vector), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::RasterCPU(raster) => collect_raster_metadata(&Single(raster), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::RasterGPU(raster) => collect_raster_metadata(&Single(raster), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::Color(_) => {}
		Graphic::Gradient(_) => {}
		Graphic::Text(text) => collect_text_metadata(&Single(text), metadata, footprint, element_id),
		Graphic::Group(group) => collect_group_metadata(group, reach, metadata, footprint, element_id),
	}
}

/// The id-level metadata the legacy lowering exposed for a group element: a
/// bare typed run serves its lane-0 transform (and source id for vectors) as
/// the layer's local transform, matching the typed list the conversion made.
fn collect_group_row_metadata(group: &Group, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, element_id: NodeId) {
	fn lane_zero_transform<T: dyn_any::StaticTypeSized>(item: &core_types::record::GroupItem) -> Option<DAffine2> {
		RunView::<T>::new(item).map(|run| run.attr::<Transform>(0))
	}

	let item = &group.content;
	if group.row.is_some() || item.is_empty() || item.typed_lanes::<Graphic>().is_some() {
		return;
	}
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		let layer_path: &[NodeId] = run.attr::<EditorLayerPath>(0);
		metadata.first_element_source_id.insert(element_id, layer_path.last().copied());
		metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, run.attr::<Transform>(0));
		return;
	}
	let transform = None
		.or_else(|| lane_zero_transform::<Raster<CPU>>(item))
		.or_else(|| lane_zero_transform::<Raster<GPU>>(item))
		.or_else(|| lane_zero_transform::<Color>(item))
		.or_else(|| lane_zero_transform::<Gradient>(item))
		.or_else(|| lane_zero_transform::<String>(item));
	if let Some(transform) = transform {
		metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, transform);
	}
}

fn add_element_upstream_click_targets<'a>(element: &'a Graphic, reach: PaintReach<'a>, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	match element {
		Graphic::Graphic(list) => add_graphic_upstream_click_targets_with(list, reach.nested(), click_targets),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => add_vector_upstream_click_targets(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint), click_targets),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) => add_vector_upstream_click_targets(&Single(vector), click_targets),
		Graphic::RasterCPU(_) | Graphic::RasterGPU(_) => add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets),
		Graphic::Color(_) | Graphic::Gradient(_) => {}
		Graphic::Text(text) => add_text_upstream_click_targets(&Single(text), click_targets),
		Graphic::Group(group) => add_group_upstream_click_targets(group, reach, click_targets),
	}
}

fn add_element_upstream_outline_targets<'a>(element: &'a Graphic, reach: PaintReach<'a>, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	match element {
		Graphic::Graphic(list) => add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets_with(list, reach.nested(), outlines),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) if reach.applies() => add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(&PaintOverlay::new(&Single(vector), reach.paint), outlines),
		Graphic::Vector(vector) => add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(&Single(vector), outlines),
		Graphic::RasterCPU(_) | Graphic::RasterGPU(_) => add_raster_upstream_click_targets(outlines),
		Graphic::Color(_) | Graphic::Gradient(_) => {}
		Graphic::Text(text) => add_text_upstream_click_targets(&Single(text), outlines),
		Graphic::Group(group) => add_group_upstream_outline_targets(group, reach, outlines),
	}
}

/// The native group render: the run dispatches on its element type into the
/// generic bodies; an unknown element type renders as nothing.
fn render_group_svg<'a>(group: &'a Group, reach: PaintReach<'a>, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	let item = &group.content;
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Graphic>::new(item) {
		render_graphic_svg_with(&run, reach.into_group_graphics(), render, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		match reach.applies() {
			true => render_vector_svg(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint), render, render_params),
			false => render_vector_svg(&run, render, render_params),
		}
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Raster<CPU>>::new(item) {
		render_raster_cpu_svg(&run, render, render_params)
	} else if item.typed_lanes::<Raster<GPU>>().is_some() {
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Color>::new(item) {
		render_color_svg(&run, render, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Gradient>::new(item) {
		render_gradient_svg(&run, render, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<String>::new(item) {
		render_text_svg(&run, render, render_params)
	}
}

fn render_group_vello<'a>(group: &'a Group, reach: PaintReach<'a>, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	let item = &group.content;
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Graphic>::new(item) {
		render_graphic_vello_with(&run, reach.into_group_graphics(), scene, transform, context, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		match reach.applies() {
			true => render_vector_vello(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint), scene, transform, context, render_params),
			false => render_vector_vello(&run, scene, transform, context, render_params),
		}
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Raster<CPU>>::new(item) {
		render_raster_cpu_vello(&run, scene, transform, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Raster<GPU>>::new(item) {
		render_raster_gpu_vello(&run, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Color>::new(item) {
		render_color_vello(&run, scene, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Gradient>::new(item) {
		render_gradient_vello(&run, scene, transform, render_params)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<String>::new(item) {
		render_text_vello(&run, scene, transform, render_params)
	}
}

/// Collects a group as its legacy lowering did: a typed run behaves as the
/// typed variant the conversion produced, so a caller's element id passes
/// through to the typed body unchanged.
fn collect_group_metadata<'a>(group: &'a Group, reach: PaintReach<'a>, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
	let item = &group.content;
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Graphic>::new(item) {
		collect_graphic_metadata_with(&run, reach.into_group_graphics(), metadata, footprint, element_id)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		match reach.applies() {
			true => collect_vector_metadata(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint), metadata, footprint, element_id),
			false => collect_vector_metadata(&run, metadata, footprint, element_id),
		}
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Raster<CPU>>::new(item) {
		collect_raster_metadata(&run, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Raster<GPU>>::new(item) {
		collect_raster_metadata(&run, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	} else if item.typed_lanes::<Color>().is_some() || item.typed_lanes::<Gradient>().is_some() {
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<String>::new(item) {
		collect_text_metadata(&run, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}
}

fn add_group_upstream_click_targets<'a>(group: &'a Group, reach: PaintReach<'a>, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	let item = &group.content;
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Graphic>::new(item) {
		add_graphic_upstream_click_targets_with(&run, reach.into_group_graphics(), click_targets)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		match reach.applies() {
			true => add_vector_upstream_click_targets(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint), click_targets),
			false => add_vector_upstream_click_targets(&run, click_targets),
		}
	} else if item.typed_lanes::<Raster<CPU>>().is_some() || item.typed_lanes::<Raster<GPU>>().is_some() {
		add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<String>::new(item) {
		add_text_upstream_click_targets(&run, click_targets)
	}
}

fn add_group_upstream_outline_targets<'a>(group: &'a Group, reach: PaintReach<'a>, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	let item = &group.content;
	if let Some(run) = RunView::<Graphic>::new(item) {
		add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets_with(&run, reach.into_group_graphics(), outlines)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<Vector>::new(item) {
		match reach.applies() {
			true => add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(&PaintOverlay::new(&run, reach.paint), outlines),
			false => add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(&run, outlines),
		}
	} else if item.typed_lanes::<Raster<CPU>>().is_some() || item.typed_lanes::<Raster<GPU>>().is_some() {
		add_raster_upstream_click_targets(outlines)
	} else if let Some(run) = RunView::<String>::new(item) {
		add_text_upstream_click_targets(&run, outlines)
	}
}

/// Reads the artboard metadata for the item at `index`.
fn read_artboard_attributes<S: LaneSource>(source: &S, index: usize) -> (DVec2, DVec2, Color, bool) {
	let location: DVec2 = source.attr::<Location>(index);
	let dimensions: DVec2 = source.attr::<Dimensions>(index);
	let background: Color = source.attr::<BackgroundAttr>(index);
	let clip: bool = source.attr::<Clip>(index);
	(location, dimensions, background, clip)
}

fn render_artboard_svg<'a, S: LaneSource<Element = Artboard<'a>>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(content) = source.element(index).map(Artboard::as_graphic_list) else { continue };
		let (location, dimensions, background, clip) = read_artboard_attributes(source, index);

		let x = location.x.min(location.x + dimensions.x);
		let y = location.y.min(location.y + dimensions.y);
		let width = dimensions.x.abs();
		let height = dimensions.y.abs();

		// Background
		render.leaf_tag("rect", |attributes| {
			attributes.push("fill", format!("#{}", SRGBA8::from(background).to_rgb_hex()));
			if background.a() < 1. {
				attributes.push("fill-opacity", ((background.a() * 1000.).round() / 1000.).to_string());
			}
			attributes.push("x", x.to_string());
			attributes.push("y", y.to_string());
			attributes.push("width", width.to_string());
			attributes.push("height", height.to_string());
		});

		// Artwork
		render.parent_tag(
			// SVG group tag
			"g",
			// Group tag attributes
			|attributes| {
				let matrix = format_transform_matrix(DAffine2::from_translation(location));
				if !matrix.is_empty() {
					attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
				}

				if clip {
					let id = format!("artboard-{}", generate_uuid());
					let selector = format!("url(#{id})");

					write!(
						&mut attributes.0.svg_defs,
						r##"<clipPath id="{id}"><rect x="0" y="0" width="{}" height="{}" /></clipPath>"##,
						dimensions.x, dimensions.y,
					)
					.unwrap();
					attributes.push("clip-path", selector);
				}
			},
			// Artwork content
			|render| {
				let mut render_params = render_params.clone();
				render_params.artboard_background = Some(background);
				content.render_svg(render, &render_params);
			},
		);
	}
}

fn render_artboard_vello<'a, S: LaneSource<Element = Artboard<'a>>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	use vello::peniko;

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(content) = source.element(index).map(Artboard::as_graphic_list) else { continue };
		let (location, dimensions, background, clip) = read_artboard_attributes(source, index);

		let [a, b] = [location, location + dimensions];
		let rect = kurbo::Rect::new(a.x.min(b.x), a.y.min(b.y), a.x.max(b.x), a.y.max(b.y));

		let artboard_transform = kurbo::Affine::new(transform.to_cols_array());

		let color = SRGBA8::from(background).to_peniko_color();
		scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::Mix::Normal, 1., artboard_transform, &rect);
		scene.fill(peniko::Fill::NonZero, artboard_transform, color, None, &rect);
		scene.pop_layer();

		if clip {
			scene.push_clip_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, kurbo::Affine::new(transform.to_cols_array()), &rect);
		}

		// Since the content's transform is right multiplied in when rendering the content, we just need to right multiply by the artboard offset here.
		let child_transform = transform * DAffine2::from_translation(location);
		let mut render_params = render_params.clone();
		render_params.artboard_background = Some(background);
		content.render_to_vello(scene, child_transform, context, &render_params);
		if clip {
			scene.pop_layer();
		}
	}
}

fn collect_artboard_metadata<'a, S: LaneSource<Element = Artboard<'a>>>(source: &S, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(content) = source.element(index).map(Artboard::as_graphic_list) else { continue };
		let (location, dimensions, _background, clip) = read_artboard_attributes(source, index);

		let layer_path: &[NodeId] = source.attr::<EditorLayerPath>(index);
		let element_id = layer_path.last().copied();

		if let Some(element_id) = element_id {
			let subpath = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, dimensions);
			metadata.click_targets.insert(element_id, vec![ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath, 0.).into()]);
			metadata.upstream_footprints.insert(element_id, footprint);
			metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, DAffine2::from_translation(location));
			if clip {
				metadata.clip_targets.insert(element_id);
			}
		}

		metadata.backgrounds.push(Background { location, dimensions });

		let mut child_footprint = footprint;
		child_footprint.transform *= DAffine2::from_translation(location);
		content.collect_metadata(metadata, child_footprint, None);
	}
}

fn add_artboard_upstream_click_targets<'a, S: LaneSource<Element = Artboard<'a>>>(source: &S, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let dimensions: DVec2 = source.attr::<Dimensions>(index);
		let subpath_rectangle = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, dimensions);
		click_targets.push(ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath_rectangle, 0.));
	}
}

impl Render for List<Artboard<'_>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_artboard_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_artboard_vello(self, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, _element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_artboard_metadata(self, metadata, footprint)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_artboard_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		!self.is_empty()
	}
}

fn render_graphic_svg<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	render_graphic_svg_with(source, PaintReach::NONE, render, render_params)
}

fn render_graphic_svg_with<'a, 'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &'a S, inherited: PaintReach<'a>, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	let paint_columns = PaintColumns::new(source);
	let mut mask_state = None;

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
		let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);

		render.parent_tag(
			"g",
			|attributes| {
				let matrix = format_transform_matrix(transform);
				if !matrix.is_empty() {
					attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
				}

				let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
				if opacity < 1. {
					attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
				}

				if blend_mode != BlendMode::default() {
					attributes.push("style", blend_mode.render());
				}

				let next_clips = index + 1 < source.lane_count() && source.element(index + 1).unwrap().had_clip_enabled();

				if next_clips && mask_state.is_none() {
					let uuid = generate_uuid();
					let mask_type = if element_can_reduce_to_clip_path(element, reach) { MaskType::Clip } else { MaskType::Mask };
					mask_state = Some((uuid, mask_type));
					let mut svg = SvgRender::new();
					render_element_svg(element, reach, &mut svg, &render_params.for_clipper());

					write!(&mut attributes.0.svg_defs, r##"{}"##, svg.svg_defs).unwrap();
					mask_type.write_to_defs(&mut attributes.0.svg_defs, uuid, svg.svg.to_svg_string());
				} else if let Some((uuid, mask_type)) = mask_state {
					if !next_clips {
						mask_state = None;
					}

					let id = format!("mask-{uuid}");
					let selector = format!("url(#{id})");

					attributes.push(mask_type.to_attribute(), selector);
				}
			},
			|render| {
				render_element_svg(element, reach, render, render_params);
			},
		);
	}
}

fn render_graphic_vello<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	render_graphic_vello_with(source, PaintReach::NONE, scene, transform, context, render_params)
}

fn render_graphic_vello_with<'a, 'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(
	source: &'a S,
	inherited: PaintReach<'a>,
	scene: &mut Scene,
	transform: DAffine2,
	context: &mut RenderContext,
	render_params: &RenderParams,
) {
	let paint_columns = PaintColumns::new(source);
	let mut mask_element_and_transform = None;

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let transform = transform * item_transform;
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
		let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);

		let mut layer = false;

		let blend_mode = match render_params.render_mode {
			RenderMode::Outline => peniko::Mix::Normal,
			_ => blend_mode_attr.to_peniko(),
		};
		let mut bounds = RenderBoundingBox::None;

		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
		if opacity < 1. || (render_params.render_mode != RenderMode::Outline && blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default()) {
			bounds = element.bounding_box(transform, true);

			if let RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds) = bounds {
				scene.push_layer(
					peniko::Fill::NonZero,
					peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver),
					opacity,
					kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY,
					&kurbo::Rect::new(bounds[0].x, bounds[0].y, bounds[1].x, bounds[1].y),
				);
				layer = true;
			}
		}

		let next_clips = index + 1 < source.lane_count() && source.element(index + 1).unwrap().had_clip_enabled();
		if next_clips && mask_element_and_transform.is_none() {
			mask_element_and_transform = Some((element, transform, reach));

			render_element_vello(element, reach, scene, transform, context, render_params);
		} else if let Some((mask_element, transform_mask, mask_reach)) = mask_element_and_transform {
			if !next_clips {
				mask_element_and_transform = None;
			}
			if !layer {
				bounds = element.bounding_box(transform, true);
			}

			if let RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds) = bounds {
				let rect = kurbo::Rect::new(bounds[0].x, bounds[0].y, bounds[1].x, bounds[1].y);

				scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::Mix::Normal, 1., kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);
				render_element_vello(mask_element, mask_reach, scene, transform_mask, context, &render_params.for_clipper());
				scene.push_layer(
					peniko::Fill::NonZero,
					peniko::BlendMode::new(peniko::Mix::Normal, peniko::Compose::SrcIn),
					1.,
					kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY,
					&rect,
				);
			}

			render_element_vello(element, reach, scene, transform, context, render_params);

			if matches!(bounds, RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(_)) {
				scene.pop_layer();
				scene.pop_layer();
			}
		} else {
			render_element_vello(element, reach, scene, transform, context, render_params);
		}

		if layer {
			scene.pop_layer();
		}
	}
}

fn collect_graphic_metadata<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
	collect_graphic_metadata_with(source, PaintReach::NONE, metadata, footprint, element_id)
}

fn collect_graphic_metadata_with<'a, 'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(
	source: &'a S,
	inherited: PaintReach<'a>,
	metadata: &mut RenderMetadata,
	footprint: Footprint,
	element_id: Option<NodeId>,
) {
	let paint_columns = PaintColumns::new(source);
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let layer_path: &[NodeId] = source.attr::<EditorLayerPath>(index);
		let layer = layer_path.last().copied();
		let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
		let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);

		let mut footprint = footprint;
		footprint.transform *= item_transform;

		if let Some(element_id) = layer {
			collect_element_metadata(element, reach, item_transform, layer, metadata, footprint, Some(element_id));
		} else {
			// Recurse through anonymous wrapper items to reach nested content with editor:layer_path tags
			collect_element_metadata(element, reach, item_transform, layer, metadata, footprint, None);
		}
	}

	if let Some(element_id) = element_id {
		let mut all_upstream_click_targets = Vec::new();
		let mut all_upstream_outlines = Vec::new();

		for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
			let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
			let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
			let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);

			let mut new_click_targets = Vec::new();
			add_element_upstream_click_targets(element, reach, &mut new_click_targets);

			for click_target in new_click_targets.iter_mut() {
				click_target.apply_transform(item_transform)
			}

			all_upstream_click_targets.extend(new_click_targets);

			let mut new_outlines = Vec::new();
			add_element_upstream_outline_targets(element, reach, &mut new_outlines);
			for outline in new_outlines.iter_mut() {
				outline.apply_transform(item_transform)
			}
			all_upstream_outlines.extend(new_outlines);
		}

		metadata.click_targets.insert(element_id, all_upstream_click_targets.into_iter().map(|x| x.into()).collect());
		metadata.outlines.insert(element_id, all_upstream_outlines.into_iter().map(|x| x.into()).collect());
	}
}

fn add_graphic_upstream_click_targets<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	add_graphic_upstream_click_targets_with(source, PaintReach::NONE, click_targets)
}

fn add_graphic_upstream_click_targets_with<'a, 'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &'a S, inherited: PaintReach<'a>, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	let paint_columns = PaintColumns::new(source);
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
		let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);
		let mut new_click_targets = Vec::new();

		add_element_upstream_click_targets(element, reach, &mut new_click_targets);

		for click_target in new_click_targets.iter_mut() {
			click_target.apply_transform(item_transform)
		}

		click_targets.extend(new_click_targets);
	}
}

fn add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets_with(source, PaintReach::NONE, outlines)
}

fn add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets_with<'a, 'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &'a S, inherited: PaintReach<'a>, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	let paint_columns = PaintColumns::new(source);
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let element = source.element(index).unwrap();
		let reach = inherited.for_lane(&paint_columns, index);
		let mut new_outlines = Vec::new();

		add_element_upstream_outline_targets(element, reach, &mut new_outlines);

		for outline in new_outlines.iter_mut() {
			outline.apply_transform(item_transform)
		}

		outlines.extend(new_outlines);
	}
}

fn graphic_contains_artboard<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S) -> bool {
	(0..source.lane_count()).any(|index| source.element(index).is_some_and(|element| element.contains_artboard()))
}

impl Render for List<Graphic<'_>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_graphic_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_graphic_vello(self, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_graphic_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_graphic_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets(self, outlines)
	}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		graphic_contains_artboard(self)
	}

	fn new_ids_from_hash(&mut self, _reference: Option<NodeId>) {
		let (elements, layers) = self.element_and_attribute_slices_mut::<Vec<NodeId>>(ATTR_EDITOR_LAYER_PATH);
		for (element, layer) in elements.iter_mut().zip(layers.iter()) {
			element.new_ids_from_hash(layer.last().copied());
		}
	}
}

fn render_vector_svg<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(vector) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);

		// Only consider strokes with non-zero weight, since default strokes with zero weight would prevent assigning the correct stroke transform
		let has_real_stroke = vector.stroke.as_ref().filter(|stroke| stroke.weight() > 0.);
		let set_stroke_transform = has_real_stroke.map(|stroke| stroke.transform).filter(|transform| transform_is_invertible(*transform));
		let applied_stroke_transform = set_stroke_transform.unwrap_or(item_transform);
		let applied_stroke_transform = render_params.alignment_parent_transform.unwrap_or(applied_stroke_transform);
		let element_transform = set_stroke_transform.map(|stroke_transform| item_transform * stroke_transform.inverse());
		let element_transform = element_transform.unwrap_or(DAffine2::IDENTITY);
		let layer_bounds = vector.bounding_box().unwrap_or_default();
		let transformed_bounds = vector.bounding_box_with_transform(applied_stroke_transform).unwrap_or_default();
		let stroke_layer_bounds = vector.stroke_inclusive_bounding_box_with_transform(DAffine2::IDENTITY).unwrap_or(layer_bounds);

		let bounds_matrix = DAffine2::from_scale_angle_translation(layer_bounds[1] - layer_bounds[0], 0., layer_bounds[0]);
		let stroke_bounds_matrix = DAffine2::from_scale_angle_translation(stroke_layer_bounds[1] - stroke_layer_bounds[0], 0., stroke_layer_bounds[0]);

		let mut path = String::new();

		for mut bezpath in vector.stroke_bezpath_iter() {
			bezpath.apply_affine(Affine::new(applied_stroke_transform.to_cols_array()));
			path.push_str(bezpath.to_svg().as_str());
		}

		let mask_type = if vector.stroke.as_ref().map(|x| x.align) == Some(StrokeAlign::Inside) {
			MaskType::Clip
		} else {
			MaskType::Mask
		};

		let fill_graphic_list = paint_graphics::<Fill, _>(source, index);
		let fill_graphic = fill_graphic_list.and_then(|l| l.element(0));

		let stroke_graphic_list = paint_graphics::<Stroke, _>(source, index);
		let stroke_graphic = stroke_graphic_list.and_then(|l| l.element(0));

		let path_is_closed = vector.stroke_bezier_paths().all(|path| path.closed());
		let can_draw_aligned_stroke = path_is_closed
			&& vector.stroke.as_ref().is_some_and(|stroke| stroke.has_renderable_stroke() && stroke.align.is_not_centered())
			&& stroke_graphic.is_some_and(|graphic| !graphic.is_fully_transparent());
		let can_use_paint_order = !(fill_graphic.is_none_or(|graphic| !graphic.covers_opaquely()) || mask_type == MaskType::Clip);

		let needs_separate_alignment_fill = can_draw_aligned_stroke && !can_use_paint_order;
		let wants_stroke_below = vector.stroke.as_ref().map(|s| s.paint_order) == Some(PaintOrder::StrokeBelow);
		let override_paint_order = can_draw_aligned_stroke && can_use_paint_order;
		let use_face_fill = vector.use_face_fill();

		if needs_separate_alignment_fill && !wants_stroke_below {
			emit_svg_fill_path(
				render,
				path.clone(),
				fill_graphic_list,
				item_transform,
				element_transform,
				applied_stroke_transform,
				bounds_matrix,
				render_params,
			);
		}

		let push_id = needs_separate_alignment_fill.then_some({
			let id = format!("alignment-{}", generate_uuid());

			let mut cloned_vector = vector.clone();
			cloned_vector.stroke = None;

			// The mask must draw at full alpha so the SVG `<mask>`/`<clipPath>` fully zeroes the path interior.
			// The wrapping SVG group (above) handles the user-set opacity.
			let mut mask_item = Item::new_from_element(cloned_vector).with_attribute(ATTR_TRANSFORM, item_transform);
			set_paint_attribute(mask_item.attributes_mut(), ATTR_FILL, List::new_from_element(Color::BLACK));
			let vector_item = List::new_from_item(mask_item);

			(id, mask_type, vector_item)
		});

		if use_face_fill {
			for mut face_path in vector.construct_faces().filter(|face| face.area() >= 0.) {
				face_path.apply_affine(Affine::new(applied_stroke_transform.to_cols_array()));
				let face_d = face_path.to_svg();

				emit_svg_fill_path(
					render,
					face_d,
					fill_graphic_list,
					item_transform,
					element_transform,
					applied_stroke_transform,
					bounds_matrix,
					render_params,
				);
			}
		}

		render.leaf_tag("path", |attributes| {
			attributes.push("d", path.clone());
			let matrix = format_transform_matrix(element_transform);
			if !matrix.is_empty() {
				attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
			}

			let defs = &mut attributes.0.svg_defs;
			if let Some((ref id, mask_type, ref vector_item)) = push_id {
				let mut svg = SvgRender::new();
				vector_item.render_svg(&mut svg, &render_params.for_alignment(applied_stroke_transform));
				let stroke = vector.stroke.as_ref().unwrap();
				// `push_id` is only `Some` when `can_draw_aligned_stroke`, which is gated on `path_is_closed`
				let (largest_scale, _) = singular_values(applied_stroke_transform);
				let inflation = stroke.max_aabb_inflation(true) * largest_scale;
				let quad = Quad::from_box(transformed_bounds).inflate(inflation);
				let (x, y) = quad.top_left().into();
				let (width, height) = (quad.bottom_right() - quad.top_left()).into();

				write!(defs, r##"{}"##, svg.svg_defs).unwrap();
				let rect = format!(r##"<rect x="{x}" y="{y}" width="{width}" height="{height}" fill="white" />"##);

				match mask_type {
					MaskType::Clip => write!(defs, r##"<clipPath id="{id}">{}</clipPath>"##, svg.svg.to_svg_string()).unwrap(),
					MaskType::Mask => write!(
						defs,
						r##"<mask id="{id}" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" maskContentUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="{x}" y="{y}" width="{width}" height="{height}">{}{}</mask>"##,
						rect,
						svg.svg.to_svg_string()
					)
					.unwrap(),
				}
			}

			let mut render_params = render_params.clone();
			render_params.aligned_strokes = can_draw_aligned_stroke;
			render_params.override_paint_order = override_paint_order;

			let stroke_shape_attribute = vector
				.stroke
				.as_ref()
				.map(|stroke| {
					if stroke_graphic_list.is_some_and(is_paint_present) {
						stroke.render(defs, item_transform, element_transform, applied_stroke_transform, bounds_matrix, &render_params, PaintTarget::Stroke)
					} else {
						String::new()
					}
				})
				.unwrap_or_default();

			// Need to avoid generating only paint attribute, otherwise SVG uses 1px width stroke as a fallback
			let stroke_visible = vector.stroke.as_ref().is_some_and(|stroke| stroke.has_renderable_stroke()) && stroke_graphic.is_some_and(|g| !g.is_fully_transparent());
			let stroke_attribute = if stroke_visible {
				stroke_graphic_list
					.map(|list| {
						// Gradient should align with the fill path bbox so that a shared gradient lines up across fill and stroke.
						// Only clipping-based paints need the stroke-inclusive bbox.
						let paint_bounds = match list.element(0) {
							Some(Graphic::Color(_)) | Some(Graphic::Gradient(_)) => bounds_matrix,
							_ => stroke_bounds_matrix,
						};
						list.render(defs, item_transform, element_transform, applied_stroke_transform, paint_bounds, &render_params, PaintTarget::Stroke)
					})
					.unwrap_or_else(|| r#" stroke="none""#.to_string())
			} else {
				String::new()
			};

			let fill_attribute = if needs_separate_alignment_fill || use_face_fill {
				r#" fill="none""#.to_string()
			} else {
				fill_graphic_list
					.map(|list| list.render(defs, item_transform, element_transform, applied_stroke_transform, bounds_matrix, &render_params, PaintTarget::Fill))
					.unwrap_or_else(|| r#" fill="none""#.to_string())
			};

			if let Some((id, mask_type, _)) = push_id {
				let selector = format!("url(#{id})");
				attributes.push(mask_type.to_attribute(), selector);
			}
			attributes.push_val(fill_attribute);
			attributes.push_val(stroke_shape_attribute);
			attributes.push_val(stroke_attribute);

			if vector.is_branching() && !use_face_fill {
				attributes.push("fill-rule", "evenodd");
			}

			let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
			if opacity < 1. {
				attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
			}

			if blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
				attributes.push("style", blend_mode_attr.render());
			}
		});

		// When splitting passes and stroke is below, draw the fill after the stroke.
		if needs_separate_alignment_fill && wants_stroke_below {
			emit_svg_fill_path(
				render,
				path.clone(),
				fill_graphic_list,
				item_transform,
				element_transform,
				applied_stroke_transform,
				bounds_matrix,
				render_params,
			);
		}
	}
}

fn render_vector_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		use graphic_types::vector_types::vector;

		let Some(element) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let multiplied_transform = parent_transform * item_transform;
		let has_real_stroke = element.stroke.as_ref().filter(|stroke| stroke.weight() > 0.);
		let set_stroke_transform = has_real_stroke.map(|stroke| stroke.transform).filter(|transform| transform_is_invertible(*transform));
		let mut applied_stroke_transform = set_stroke_transform.unwrap_or(multiplied_transform);
		let mut element_transform = set_stroke_transform
			.map(|stroke_transform| multiplied_transform * stroke_transform.inverse())
			.unwrap_or(DAffine2::IDENTITY);
		if let Some(alignment_transform) = render_params.alignment_parent_transform {
			applied_stroke_transform = alignment_transform;
			element_transform = if transform_is_invertible(alignment_transform) {
				multiplied_transform * alignment_transform.inverse()
			} else {
				multiplied_transform
			};
		}
		let layer_bounds = element.bounding_box().unwrap_or_default();

		let mut path = kurbo::BezPath::new();
		for mut bezpath in element.stroke_bezpath_iter() {
			bezpath.apply_affine(Affine::new(applied_stroke_transform.to_cols_array()));
			for element in bezpath {
				path.push(element);
			}
		}

		let fill_graphic_list = paint_graphics::<Fill, _>(source, index);
		let stroke_graphic_list = paint_graphics::<Stroke, _>(source, index);

		// If we're using opacity or a blend mode, we need to push a layer
		let blend_mode = match render_params.render_mode {
			RenderMode::Outline => peniko::Mix::Normal,
			_ => blend_mode_attr.to_peniko(),
		};
		let mut layer = false;

		// Whether the renderer will engage the stroke-alignment compositing trick (non-Center align on a fully closed path).
		// Used by both the blend-layer clip rect inflation below (as `max_aabb_inflation`'s `path_is_closed` arg, equivalent here since
		// the function ignores the arg for Center align) and the `SrcIn`/`SrcOut` aligned-stroke branch further down.
		let stroke = element.stroke.as_ref();
		let stroke_fully_transparent = stroke_graphic_list.is_none_or(|l| l.element(0).is_none_or(|g| g.is_fully_transparent()));
		let can_draw_aligned_stroke = !stroke_fully_transparent && stroke.is_some_and(|s| s.has_renderable_stroke() && s.align.is_not_centered()) && element.stroke_bezier_paths().all(|p| p.closed());

		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
		if opacity < 1. || blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
			layer = true;
			// `max_aabb_inflation` is in `applied_stroke_transform`-space; `layer_bounds` is path-local and `push_layer` re-applies `multiplied_transform`.
			// Divide by the smaller axial scale to cover the stroke in both axes after Vello's transform. Skip on a degenerate transform.
			let (_, smallest_scale) = singular_values(applied_stroke_transform);
			let stroke_inflation = stroke.map_or(0., |s| s.max_aabb_inflation(can_draw_aligned_stroke));
			let inflate_amount = if smallest_scale > 0. { stroke_inflation / smallest_scale } else { 0. };
			let quad = Quad::from_box(layer_bounds).inflate(inflate_amount);
			let layer_bounds = quad.bounding_box();
			scene.push_layer(
				peniko::Fill::NonZero,
				peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver),
				opacity,
				kurbo::Affine::new(multiplied_transform.to_cols_array()),
				&kurbo::Rect::new(layer_bounds[0].x, layer_bounds[0].y, layer_bounds[1].x, layer_bounds[1].y),
			);
		}

		let use_layer = can_draw_aligned_stroke;
		let wants_stroke_below = stroke.is_some_and(|s| s.paint_order == vector::style::PaintOrder::StrokeBelow);

		let do_fill_path = |scene: &mut Scene, context: &mut RenderContext, path: &kurbo::BezPath, fill_rule: peniko::Fill| {
			let Some(fill_graphic) = fill_graphic_list else { return };

			for paint_index in 0..fill_graphic.len() {
				let Some(paint) = fill_graphic.element(paint_index) else { continue };
				match paint {
					Graphic::Color(color) => {
						let fill = peniko::Brush::Solid(SRGBA8::from(*color).to_peniko_color());
						scene.fill(fill_rule, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), &fill, None, path);
					}
					Graphic::Gradient(gradient) => {
						let Some((brush, gradient_to_device)) = create_peniko_gradient_brush(&LeafLane::new(fill_graphic, paint_index, gradient), &multiplied_transform) else {
							continue;
						};

						let inverse_element_transform = if transform_is_invertible(element_transform) {
							element_transform.inverse()
						} else {
							Default::default()
						};
						let brush_transform = kurbo::Affine::new((inverse_element_transform * gradient_to_device).to_cols_array());
						scene.fill(fill_rule, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), &brush, Some(brush_transform), path);
					}
					Graphic::Vector(_) | Graphic::RasterCPU(_) | Graphic::RasterGPU(_) | Graphic::Graphic(_) | Graphic::Text(_) | Graphic::Group(_) => {
						scene.push_clip_layer(fill_rule, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), path);
						paint.render_to_vello(scene, multiplied_transform, context, render_params);
						scene.pop_layer();
					}
				};
			}
		};

		// Branching vectors without regions (e.g. mesh grids) need face-by-face fill rendering.
		let use_face_fill = element.use_face_fill();
		let do_fill = |scene: &mut Scene, context: &mut RenderContext| {
			if use_face_fill {
				for mut face_path in element.construct_faces().filter(|face| face.area() >= 0.) {
					face_path.apply_affine(Affine::new(applied_stroke_transform.to_cols_array()));
					let mut kurbo_path = kurbo::BezPath::new();
					for element in face_path {
						kurbo_path.push(element);
					}
					do_fill_path(scene, context, &kurbo_path, peniko::Fill::NonZero);
				}
			} else if element.is_branching() {
				do_fill_path(scene, context, &path, peniko::Fill::EvenOdd);
			} else {
				do_fill_path(scene, context, &path, peniko::Fill::NonZero);
			}
		};

		let do_stroke = |scene: &mut Scene, width_scale: f64, context: &mut RenderContext| {
			let Some(stroke_graphic_list) = stroke_graphic_list else { return };
			let Some(stroke) = stroke else { return };

			for paint_index in 0..stroke_graphic_list.len() {
				let Some(stroke_graphic) = stroke_graphic_list.element(paint_index) else {
					continue;
				};

				let cap = match stroke.cap {
					StrokeCap::Butt => Cap::Butt,
					StrokeCap::Round => Cap::Round,
					StrokeCap::Square => Cap::Square,
				};
				let join = match stroke.join {
					StrokeJoin::Miter => Join::Miter,
					StrokeJoin::Bevel => Join::Bevel,
					StrokeJoin::Round => Join::Round,
				};
				let dash_pattern = stroke.dash_lengths.iter().map(|l| l.max(0.)).collect();
				let stroke = kurbo::Stroke {
					width: stroke.weight * width_scale,
					miter_limit: stroke.join_miter_limit,
					join,
					start_cap: cap,
					end_cap: cap,
					dash_pattern,
					dash_offset: stroke.dash_offset,
				};

				if stroke.width <= 0. {
					continue;
				};

				match stroke_graphic {
					Graphic::Color(color) => {
						let brush = peniko::Brush::Solid(SRGBA8::from(*color).to_peniko_color());

						scene.stroke(&stroke, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), &brush, None, &path);
					}
					Graphic::Gradient(gradient) => {
						let Some((brush, gradient_to_device)) = create_peniko_gradient_brush(&LeafLane::new(stroke_graphic_list, paint_index, gradient), &multiplied_transform) else {
							continue;
						};
						let inverse_element_transform = if transform_is_invertible(element_transform) {
							element_transform.inverse()
						} else {
							Default::default()
						};
						let brush_transform = kurbo::Affine::new((inverse_element_transform * gradient_to_device).to_cols_array());

						scene.stroke(&stroke, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), &brush, Some(brush_transform), &path);
					}
					Graphic::Vector(_) | Graphic::RasterCPU(_) | Graphic::RasterGPU(_) | Graphic::Graphic(_) | Graphic::Text(_) | Graphic::Group(_) => {
						let stroked = peniko::kurbo::stroke(path.iter(), &stroke, &StrokeOpts::default(), 0.01);

						scene.push_clip_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), &stroked);
						stroke_graphic.render_to_vello(scene, multiplied_transform, context, render_params);
						scene.pop_layer();
					}
				};
			}
		};

		// Render the path
		match render_params.render_mode {
			RenderMode::Outline => {
				let (outline_stroke, outline_color_peniko) = get_outline_styles(render_params);

				scene.stroke(&outline_stroke, kurbo::Affine::new(element_transform.to_cols_array()), outline_color_peniko, None, &path);
			}
			_ => {
				if use_layer {
					let mut cloned_element = element.clone();
					cloned_element.stroke = None;

					// The mask must draw at full alpha so `SrcOut` fully zeroes the path interior.
					// The outer opacity/blend layer (above) handles the user-set opacity.
					let mut mask_item = Item::new_from_element(cloned_element).with_attribute(ATTR_TRANSFORM, item_transform);
					set_paint_attribute(mask_item.attributes_mut(), ATTR_FILL, List::new_from_element(Color::BLACK));
					let vector_list = List::new_from_item(mask_item);

					let bounds = element.bounding_box_with_transform(multiplied_transform).unwrap_or(layer_bounds);
					// This branch is gated on `can_draw_aligned_stroke`, which already requires every subpath is closed
					let inflation = stroke.map_or(0., |stroke| stroke.max_aabb_inflation(true));
					let (largest_scale, _) = singular_values(applied_stroke_transform);
					let quad = Quad::from_box(bounds).inflate(inflation * largest_scale);
					let bounds = quad.bounding_box();
					let rect = kurbo::Rect::new(bounds[0].x, bounds[0].y, bounds[1].x, bounds[1].y);

					let compose = if stroke.is_some_and(|x| x.align == StrokeAlign::Outside) {
						peniko::Compose::SrcOut
					} else {
						peniko::Compose::SrcIn
					};

					if wants_stroke_below {
						scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::Mix::Normal, 1., kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);
						vector_list.render_to_vello(scene, parent_transform, context, &render_params.for_alignment(applied_stroke_transform));
						scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::BlendMode::new(peniko::Mix::Normal, compose), 1., kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);

						do_stroke(scene, 2., context);

						scene.pop_layer();
						scene.pop_layer();

						do_fill(scene, context);
					} else {
						// Fill first (unclipped), then stroke (clipped) above
						do_fill(scene, context);

						scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::Mix::Normal, 1., kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);
						vector_list.render_to_vello(scene, parent_transform, context, &render_params.for_alignment(applied_stroke_transform));
						scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, peniko::BlendMode::new(peniko::Mix::Normal, compose), 1., kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);

						do_stroke(scene, 2., context);

						scene.pop_layer();
						scene.pop_layer();
					}
				} else {
					// Non-aligned strokes or open paths: default order behavior
					enum Op {
						Fill,
						Stroke,
					}

					let order = match stroke.is_some_and(|stroke| !stroke.paint_order.is_default()) {
						true => [Op::Stroke, Op::Fill],
						false => [Op::Fill, Op::Stroke], // Default
					};

					for operation in &order {
						match operation {
							Op::Fill => do_fill(scene, context),
							Op::Stroke => do_stroke(scene, 1., context),
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}

		// If we pushed a layer for opacity or a blend mode, we need to pop it
		if layer {
			scene.pop_layer();
		}
	}
}

fn collect_vector_metadata<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(source: &S, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
	// Aggregate all items' targets per element_id so multi-item lists (e.g. 'Text' node with "Separate Glyphs" active) produce hit areas for every glyph.
	// Targets are baked relative to item 0's transform since `Graphic::collect_metadata` records that as `local_transforms[element_id]`.
	let item_zero_transform: DAffine2 = if source.lane_count() > 0 { source.attr::<Transform>(0) } else { DAffine2::IDENTITY };
	let item_zero_inverse = if transform_is_invertible(item_zero_transform) {
		item_zero_transform.inverse()
	} else {
		DAffine2::IDENTITY
	};

	let mut accumulated_click_targets: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<Arc<ClickTarget>>> = HashMap::new();
	let mut accumulated_outlines: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<Arc<ClickTarget>>> = HashMap::new();

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(element) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let layer_path: &[NodeId] = source.attr::<EditorLayerPath>(index);
		let layer = layer_path.last().copied();

		if let Some(element_id) = caller_element_id.or(layer) {
			// When recovering element_id from the item's editor:layer_path tag (because the caller
			// passed None), also store the transform metadata that Graphic::collect_metadata
			// normally provides but skipped due to the None element_id.
			if caller_element_id.is_none() {
				metadata.upstream_footprints.entry(element_id).or_insert(footprint);
				metadata.local_transforms.entry(element_id).or_insert(item_zero_transform);
			}

			// Use click-target override if the item provides one (e.g. 'Text' node's per-glyph bboxes)
			let click_target_vector = source.attr::<EditorClickTarget>(index).unwrap_or(element);

			let item_relative_transform = item_zero_inverse * transform;

			let mut click_targets_unwrapped = Vec::new();
			extend_targets_from_vector(&mut click_targets_unwrapped, source, index, click_target_vector, item_relative_transform);
			accumulated_click_targets.entry(element_id).or_default().extend(click_targets_unwrapped.into_iter().map(Arc::new));

			// Outlines always use source geometry so the visual outline reflects actual letterforms
			let mut outlines_unwrapped = Vec::new();
			extend_targets_from_vector(&mut outlines_unwrapped, source, index, element, item_relative_transform);
			accumulated_outlines.entry(element_id).or_default().extend(outlines_unwrapped.into_iter().map(Arc::new));

			// Source geometry (not the click-target override) so editing tools work on letterforms.
			// Recorded together with `vector_data` from the same (first) row so stroke geometry stays consistent with the paint.
			// Only item 0 is recorded since editing tools can only target a single item currently.
			// If that row has no paint attribute, none is recorded.
			if let std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Vacant(e) = metadata.vector_data.entry(element_id) {
				e.insert(Arc::new(element.clone()));

				if let Some(fill_graphic) = source.attr::<Fill>(index).filter(|list| is_paint_present(list)) {
					metadata.fill_attributes.insert(element_id, Arc::new(fill_graphic.clone()));
				}
				if let Some(stroke_graphic) = source.attr::<Stroke>(index).filter(|list| is_paint_present(list)) {
					metadata.stroke_attributes.insert(element_id, Arc::new(stroke_graphic.clone()));
				}
			}

			// Surface `editor:text_frame` for the Text tool's drag cage
			if let Some(frame) = source.try_attr::<EditorTextFrame>(index) {
				metadata.text_frames.entry(element_id).or_insert(frame);
			}
		}

		// If this item carries a snapshot of upstream graphic content (e.g. it was produced by Boolean Operation,
		// Flatten Path, Morph, or any other destructive merge), recurse into that snapshot so the editor can
		// surface the original child layers' click targets.
		if let Some(upstream_nested_layers) = source.attr::<EditorMergedLayers>(index).filter(|layers| !layers.is_empty()) {
			let mut upstream_footprint = footprint;
			upstream_footprint.transform *= transform;
			upstream_nested_layers.collect_metadata(metadata, upstream_footprint, None);
		}
	}

	// Overwrite with the full accumulated set (not just item 0's contribution)
	for (element_id, targets) in accumulated_click_targets {
		metadata.click_targets.insert(element_id, targets);
	}
	for (element_id, targets) in accumulated_outlines {
		metadata.outlines.insert(element_id, targets);
	}
}

fn add_vector_upstream_click_targets<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(source: &S, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(element) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);

		// Use click-target override geometry if the item provides one (e.g. 'Text' node's per-glyph bounding boxes)
		let vector = source.attr::<EditorClickTarget>(index).unwrap_or(element);

		extend_targets_from_vector(click_targets, source, index, vector, transform);
	}
}

fn add_vector_upstream_outline_targets<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(source: &S, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	// Source geometry only, ignoring `editor:click_target`, so outlines reflect actual letterforms
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(element) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);

		extend_targets_from_vector(outlines, source, index, element, transform);
	}
}

impl Render for List<Vector> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_vector_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_vector_vello(self, scene, parent_transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_vector_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, caller_element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_vector_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(self, outlines)
	}

	fn new_ids_from_hash(&mut self, reference: Option<NodeId>) {
		for vector in self.iter_element_values_mut() {
			vector.vector_new_ids_from_hash(reference.map(|id| id.0).unwrap_or_default());
		}
	}
}

/// Build one `CompoundPath` (non-zero fill rule, so holes like the inside of an "O" work
/// correctly) plus one `FreePoint` per disconnected anchor, apply the transform, and append.
fn extend_targets_from_vector<S: LaneSource<Element = Vector>>(targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>, source: &S, index: usize, geometry: &Vector, transform: DAffine2) {
	let filled = has_paint::<Fill, _>(source, index);

	let mut subpaths: Vec<Subpath<_>> = geometry.stroke_bezier_paths().collect();
	let all_subpaths_closed = subpaths.iter().all(|subpath| subpath.closed());

	// Inside/Outside-aligned strokes reach `weight` from the centerline rather than `weight / 2` per side,
	// so they need double the click inflation. Alignment is only honored by the renderer for fully-closed paths.
	let stroke_width = geometry.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0., |stroke| {
		if stroke.align.is_not_centered() && all_subpaths_closed {
			stroke.weight * 2.
		} else {
			stroke.weight
		}
	});

	if filled {
		for subpath in &mut subpaths {
			subpath.set_closed(true);
		}
	}

	if !subpaths.is_empty() {
		let mut click_target = ClickTarget::new_with_compound_path(subpaths, stroke_width);
		click_target.apply_transform(transform);
		targets.push(click_target);
	}

	for click_target in extend_free_point_targets(geometry, transform) {
		targets.push(click_target);
	}
}

fn extend_free_point_targets(vector: &Vector, transform: DAffine2) -> impl Iterator<Item = ClickTarget> + '_ {
	// Mark every point index touched by a segment endpoint in one `O(points + segments)` pass, avoiding a per-point `any_connected` scan
	let mut connected = vec![false; vector.point_domain.len()];
	for &point_index in vector.segment_domain.start_point().iter().chain(vector.segment_domain.end_point()) {
		connected[point_index] = true;
	}

	vector.point_domain.ids().iter().enumerate().filter_map(move |(point_index, &point_id)| {
		if connected[point_index] {
			return None;
		}

		let anchor = vector.point_domain.position_from_id(point_id).unwrap_or_default();
		let mut click_target = ClickTarget::new_with_free_point(FreePoint::new(point_id, anchor));
		click_target.apply_transform(transform);
		Some(click_target)
	})
}

fn render_raster_cpu_svg<S: LaneSource<Element = Raster<CPU>>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(image) = source.element(index) else { continue };

		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);

		if image.data.is_empty() {
			continue;
		}

		if render_params.to_canvas() {
			let mut image_copy = image.clone();
			image_copy.data_mut().map_pixels(|p| p.to_unassociated_alpha());
			let id = *render.image_data.entry(CacheHashWrapper(image_copy.into_data())).or_insert_with(generate_uuid);

			render.parent_tag(
				"foreignObject",
				|attributes| {
					let size = DVec2::new(image.width as f64, image.height as f64);

					let matrix = transform * DAffine2::from_scale(1. / size);
					let matrix = format_transform_matrix(matrix);
					if !matrix.is_empty() {
						attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
					}

					attributes.push("width", size.x.to_string());
					attributes.push("height", size.y.to_string());

					let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
					if opacity < 1. {
						attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
					}

					if blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
						attributes.push("style", blend_mode_attr.render());
					}
				},
				|render| {
					render.leaf_tag(
						"img", // Must be a self-closing (void element) tag, so we can't use `div` or `span`, for example
						|attributes| {
							attributes.push("data-canvas-placeholder", id.to_string());
						},
					)
				},
			);
		} else {
			let base64_string = image.base64_string.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| {
				use base64::Engine;

				let output = image.to_png();
				let preamble = "data:image/png;base64,";
				let mut base64_string = String::with_capacity(preamble.len() + output.len() * 4);
				base64_string.push_str(preamble);
				base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode_string(output, &mut base64_string);
				base64_string
			});

			render.leaf_tag("image", |attributes| {
				attributes.push("width", "1");
				attributes.push("height", "1");
				attributes.push("preserveAspectRatio", "none");
				attributes.push("href", base64_string);
				let matrix = format_transform_matrix(transform);
				if !matrix.is_empty() {
					attributes.push(ATTR_TRANSFORM, matrix);
				}

				let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
				if opacity < 1. {
					attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
				}
				if blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
					attributes.push("style", blend_mode_attr.render());
				}
			});
		}
	}
}

fn render_raster_cpu_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = Raster<CPU>> + BoundingBox>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(image) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		if image.data.is_empty() {
			continue;
		}

		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let blend_mode = blend_mode_attr.to_peniko();

		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
		let mut layer = false;

		if (opacity < 1. || (render_params.render_mode != RenderMode::Outline && blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default()))
			&& let RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds) = source.bounding_box(transform, false)
		{
			let blending = peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver);
			let rect = kurbo::Rect::new(bounds[0].x, bounds[0].y, bounds[1].x, bounds[1].y);
			scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, blending, opacity, kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);
			layer = true;
		}

		let transform_attribute: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);

		if let RenderMode::Outline = render_params.render_mode {
			let outline_transform: DAffine2 = transform * transform_attribute;
			draw_raster_outline(scene, &outline_transform, render_params);

			if layer {
				scene.pop_layer();
			}

			continue;
		}

		let image_transform = transform * transform_attribute * DAffine2::from_scale(1. / DVec2::new(image.width as f64, image.height as f64));

		let image_brush = peniko::ImageBrush::new(peniko::ImageData {
			data: image.to_flat_u8().0.into(),
			format: peniko::ImageFormat::Rgba8,
			width: image.width,
			height: image.height,
			alpha_type: peniko::ImageAlphaType::Alpha,
		})
		.with_extend(peniko::Extend::Repeat);

		scene.draw_image(&image_brush, kurbo::Affine::new(image_transform.to_cols_array()));

		if layer {
			scene.pop_layer();
		}
	}
}

fn collect_raster_metadata<S: LaneSource>(source: &S, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
	let Some(element_id) = element_id else { return };
	let subpath = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, DVec2::ONE);

	metadata.click_targets.insert(element_id, vec![ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath, 0.).into()]);
	metadata.upstream_footprints.insert(element_id, footprint);
	// TODO: Find a way to handle more than one item of the `List<Raster<...>>`
	if source.lane_count() > 0 {
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(0);
		metadata.local_transforms.insert(element_id, transform);

		// The snapshot's children already match `footprint`, so `transform` (the rasterization area) must not be applied.
		if let Some(upstream_nested_layers) = source.attr::<EditorMergedLayers>(0).filter(|layers| !layers.is_empty()) {
			upstream_nested_layers.collect_metadata(metadata, footprint, None);
		}
	}
}

fn add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	let subpath = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, DVec2::ONE);
	click_targets.push(ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath, 0.));
}

impl Render for List<Raster<CPU>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_raster_cpu_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, _: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_raster_cpu_vello(self, scene, transform, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_raster_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets)
	}
}

static LAZY_ARC_VEC_ZERO_U8: LazyLock<Arc<Vec<u8>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(Vec::new()));

fn render_raster_gpu_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = Raster<GPU>> + BoundingBox>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(raster) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let clip_attr: bool = source.attr::<ClippingMask>(index);
		let blend_mode = match render_params.render_mode {
			RenderMode::Outline => peniko::Mix::Normal,
			_ => blend_mode_attr.to_peniko(),
		};

		let mut layer = false;

		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
		let any_nondefault = blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() || opacity < 1. || clip_attr;
		if (render_params.render_mode != RenderMode::Outline && any_nondefault)
			&& let RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds) = source.bounding_box(transform, true)
		{
			let blending = peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver);
			let rect = kurbo::Rect::new(bounds[0].x, bounds[0].y, bounds[1].x, bounds[1].y);
			scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, blending, opacity, kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &rect);
			layer = true;
		}

		let transform_attribute: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);

		if let RenderMode::Outline = render_params.render_mode {
			let outline_transform = transform * transform_attribute;
			draw_raster_outline(scene, &outline_transform, render_params);

			if layer {
				scene.pop_layer();
			}

			continue;
		}

		let width = raster.data().width();
		let height = raster.data().height();
		let image = peniko::ImageBrush::new(peniko::ImageData {
			data: peniko::Blob::new(LAZY_ARC_VEC_ZERO_U8.deref().clone()),
			format: peniko::ImageFormat::Rgba8,
			width,
			height,
			alpha_type: peniko::ImageAlphaType::Alpha,
		})
		.with_extend(peniko::Extend::Repeat);
		let image_transform = transform * transform_attribute * DAffine2::from_scale(1. / DVec2::new(width as f64, height as f64));
		scene.draw_image(&image, kurbo::Affine::new(image_transform.to_cols_array()));
		context.resource_overrides.push((image, raster.texture.clone()));

		if layer {
			scene.pop_layer()
		}
	}
}

impl Render for List<Raster<GPU>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, _render: &mut SvgRender, _render_params: &RenderParams) {
		log::warn!("tried to render texture as an svg");
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_raster_gpu_vello(self, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_raster_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets)
	}
}

// Since colors and gradients are technically infinitely big, we have to implement
// workarounds for rendering them correctly in a way which still allows us
// to cache the intermediate render data (SVG string/Vello scene).
// For SVG, this is is achived by creating a truly giant rectangle.
// For Vello, we create a layer with a placeholder transform which we
// later replace with the current viewport transform before each render.
fn render_color_svg<S: LaneSource<Element = Color>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	{
		for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
			let Some(color) = source.element(index) else { continue };
			let blend_mode: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
			let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
			let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
			render.leaf_tag("polyline", |attributes| {
				// Stand-in for an infinite background. Chrome's SVG renderer keeps internal coordinates in f32 and loses
				// precision past ~2^24 (~16.7 million), causing tile-boundary artifacts that pop in and out during panning.
				// 1e7 stays under that limit while still being far larger than any practical document extent.
				const MAX: f64 = 1e7;
				attributes.push("points", format!("{MAX},{MAX} -{MAX},{MAX} -{MAX},-{MAX} {MAX},-{MAX}"));

				attributes.push("fill", format!("#{}", SRGBA8::from(*color).to_rgb_hex()));
				if color.a() < 1. {
					attributes.push("fill-opacity", ((color.a() * 1000.).round() / 1000.).to_string());
				}

				let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
				if opacity < 1. {
					attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
				}

				if blend_mode != BlendMode::default() {
					attributes.push("style", blend_mode.render());
				}
			});
		}
	}
}

fn render_color_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = Color>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	{
		use vello::peniko;

		for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
			let Some(color) = source.element(index) else { continue };
			let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
			let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
			let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
			let blend_mode = blend_mode_attr.to_peniko();
			let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;

			let vello_color = SRGBA8::from(*color).to_peniko_color();

			let rect = kurbo::Rect::from_origin_size(kurbo::Point::ZERO, kurbo::Size::new(1., 1.));

			let mut layer = false;
			if opacity < 1. || blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
				let blending = peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver);
				scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, blending, opacity, kurbo::Affine::scale(f64::INFINITY), &rect);
				layer = true;
			}

			scene.fill(peniko::Fill::NonZero, kurbo::Affine::scale(f64::INFINITY), vello_color, None, &rect);

			if layer {
				scene.pop_layer();
			}
		}
	}
}

impl Render for List<Color> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_color_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, _parent_transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_color_vello(self, scene, render_params)
	}
}

fn render_gradient_svg<S: LaneSource<Element = Gradient>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	// For thumbnails the gradient fills a finite rect at the footprint's document space bounds, with a 1-unit margin to cover the `as u32` truncation of `Footprint::resolution`.
	// The viewBox crops the overshoot. Canvas rendering keeps the polyline path since Chrome rejects rects larger than ~20 million.
	let thumbnail_rect = if render_params.thumbnail {
		let truncated_size = render_params.footprint.resolution.as_dvec2();
		let margin = DVec2::ONE;
		Some((render_params.footprint.transform.translation - margin / 2., truncated_size + margin))
	} else {
		None
	};

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(gradient) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let spread_method: GradientSpreadMethod = source.attr::<SpreadMethod>(index);
		let gradient_type: GradientType = source.attr::<GradientTypeAttr>(index);
		let tag = if thumbnail_rect.is_some() { "rect" } else { "polyline" };
		render.leaf_tag(tag, |attributes| {
			if let Some((min, size)) = thumbnail_rect {
				attributes.push("x", min.x.to_string());
				attributes.push("y", min.y.to_string());
				attributes.push("width", size.x.to_string());
				attributes.push("height", size.y.to_string());
			} else {
				// Stand-in for an infinite background. Chrome's SVG renderer keeps internal coordinates in f32 and loses
				// precision past ~2^24 (~16.7 million), causing tile-boundary artifacts that pop in and out during panning.
				// 1e7 stays under that limit while still being far larger than any practical document extent.
				const MAX: f64 = 1e7;
				attributes.push("points", format!("{MAX},{MAX} -{MAX},{MAX} -{MAX},-{MAX} {MAX},-{MAX}"));
			}

			let mut stop_string = String::new();
			for (position, color, original_midpoint) in gradient.interpolated_samples() {
				let _ = write!(stop_string, r##"<stop offset="{}" stop-color="#{}""##, position, SRGBA8::from(color).to_rgb_hex());
				if color.a() < 1. {
					let _ = write!(stop_string, r#" stop-opacity="{}""#, color.a());
				}
				if let Some(midpoint) = original_midpoint {
					let _ = write!(stop_string, r#" graphite:midpoint="{}""#, (midpoint * 1000.).round() / 1000.);
				}
				stop_string.push_str(" />");
			}

			// render_thumbnail already added the footprint transform
			let gradient_transform = if render_params.thumbnail { transform } else { render_params.footprint.transform * transform };
			let gradient_transform_matrix = format_transform_matrix(gradient_transform);
			let gradient_transform_attribute = if gradient_transform_matrix.is_empty() {
				String::new()
			} else {
				format!(r#" gradientTransform="{gradient_transform_matrix}""#)
			};

			let gradient_id = generate_uuid();
			let spread_method_attribute = if spread_method == GradientSpreadMethod::Pad {
				String::new()
			} else {
				format!(r#" spreadMethod="{}""#, spread_method.svg_name())
			};

			// The unit gradient line is the +X unit vector in local space, before the item's transform is applied
			match gradient_type {
				GradientType::Linear => {
					let _ = write!(
						&mut attributes.0.svg_defs,
						r#"<linearGradient id="{gradient_id}" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="0" y1="0" x2="1" y2="0"{spread_method_attribute}{gradient_transform_attribute}>{stop_string}</linearGradient>"#
					);
				}
				GradientType::Radial => {
					let _ = write!(
						&mut attributes.0.svg_defs,
						r#"<radialGradient id="{gradient_id}" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" cx="0" cy="0" r="1"{spread_method_attribute}{gradient_transform_attribute}>{stop_string}</radialGradient>"#
					);
				}
			}

			attributes.push("fill", format!("url('#{gradient_id}')"));

			let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;
			if opacity < 1. {
				attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
			}

			if blend_mode != BlendMode::default() {
				attributes.push("style", blend_mode.render());
			}
		});
	}
}

fn render_gradient_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = Gradient>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	use vello::peniko;

	if let RenderMode::Outline = render_params.render_mode {
		return;
	}

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(gradient) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let spread_method: GradientSpreadMethod = source.attr::<SpreadMethod>(index);
		let gradient_type: GradientType = source.attr::<GradientTypeAttr>(index);
		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let gradient_transform = parent_transform * transform;

		let blend_mode = blend_mode_attr.to_peniko();
		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;

		let mut stops: peniko::ColorStops = peniko::ColorStops::new();
		for (position, color, _) in gradient.interpolated_samples() {
			stops.push(peniko::ColorStop {
				offset: position as f32,
				color: peniko::color::DynamicColor::from_alpha_color(SRGBA8::from(color).to_peniko_color()),
			})
		}

		let extend = match spread_method {
			GradientSpreadMethod::Pad => peniko::Extend::Pad,
			GradientSpreadMethod::Reflect => peniko::Extend::Reflect,
			GradientSpreadMethod::Repeat => peniko::Extend::Repeat,
		};

		// The unit gradient line is the +X unit vector in local space, before the item's transform is applied.
		// For radial, the unit-radius circle at the origin scales out to the line's length once the brush transform applies.
		let kind = match gradient_type {
			GradientType::Linear => peniko::LinearGradientPosition {
				start: to_point(DVec2::ZERO),
				end: to_point(DVec2::X),
			}
			.into(),
			GradientType::Radial => peniko::RadialGradientPosition {
				start_center: to_point(DVec2::ZERO),
				start_radius: 0.,
				end_center: to_point(DVec2::ZERO),
				end_radius: 1.,
			}
			.into(),
		};

		let fill = peniko::Brush::Gradient(peniko::Gradient {
			kind,
			stops,
			extend,
			interpolation_alpha_space: peniko::InterpolationAlphaSpace::Premultiplied,
			..Default::default()
		});
		let brush_transform = kurbo::Affine::new(gradient_placement(gradient_transform, gradient_type).to_cols_array());
		let rect = kurbo::Rect::from_origin_size(kurbo::Point::ZERO, kurbo::Size::new(1., 1.));

		let mut layer = false;
		if opacity < 1. || blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
			let blending = peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode, peniko::Compose::SrcOver);
			// See implementation in `List<Color>` for more detail
			scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, blending, opacity, kurbo::Affine::scale(f64::INFINITY), &rect);
			layer = true;
		}

		// Encode shape and brush manually instead of Scene.fill(), which would multiply brush_transform by the path transform
		scene.encoding_mut().encode_transform(vello_encoding::Transform::from_kurbo(&kurbo::Affine::scale(f64::INFINITY)));
		scene.encoding_mut().encode_fill_style(peniko::Fill::NonZero);
		scene.encoding_mut().encode_shape(&rect, true);

		scene.encoding_mut().encode_transform(vello_encoding::Transform::from_kurbo(&brush_transform));
		scene.encoding_mut().swap_last_path_tags();
		scene.encoding_mut().encode_brush(&fill, 1.);

		if layer {
			scene.pop_layer();
		}
	}
}

impl Render for List<Gradient> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_gradient_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_gradient_vello(self, scene, parent_transform, render_params)
	}
}

/// Builds a `kurbo::BezPath` from a glyph outline, baking in the glyph origin (`ox`, `oy`) and faux-italic shear (`tilt_tan`).
struct GlyphOutlinePen<'a> {
	path: &'a mut BezPath,
	ox: f64,
	oy: f64,
	tilt_tan: f64,
}

impl GlyphOutlinePen<'_> {
	#[inline]
	fn px(&self, x: f32, y: f32) -> f64 {
		self.ox + x as f64 + (y as f64 * self.tilt_tan)
	}

	#[inline]
	fn py(&self, y: f32) -> f64 {
		self.oy - y as f64
	}
}

impl OutlinePen for GlyphOutlinePen<'_> {
	fn move_to(&mut self, x: f32, y: f32) {
		self.path.move_to((self.px(x, y), self.py(y)));
	}
	fn line_to(&mut self, x: f32, y: f32) {
		self.path.line_to((self.px(x, y), self.py(y)));
	}
	fn quad_to(&mut self, cx: f32, cy: f32, x: f32, y: f32) {
		self.path.quad_to((self.px(cx, cy), self.py(cy)), (self.px(x, y), self.py(y)));
	}
	fn curve_to(&mut self, cx1: f32, cy1: f32, cx2: f32, cy2: f32, x: f32, y: f32) {
		self.path.curve_to((self.px(cx1, cy1), self.py(cy1)), (self.px(cx2, cy2), self.py(cy2)), (self.px(x, y), self.py(y)));
	}
	fn close(&mut self) {
		self.path.close_path();
	}
}

/// Draws each glyph of `glyph_run` into a `BezPath` (with the run's position and faux-italic `tilt_tan` baked in)
/// and calls `emit` for each non-empty glyph. Zero-geometry glyphs advance by `space_extra` for justified spacing.
fn draw_glyph_run_to_bezpaths(glyph_run: &parley::GlyphRun<'_, ()>, x_offset: f32, space_extra: f32, tilt_tan: f64, mut emit: impl FnMut(&BezPath)) {
	let mut run_x = glyph_run.offset() + x_offset;
	let run_y = glyph_run.baseline();
	let run = glyph_run.run();
	let font = run.font();
	let font_size_pts = run.font_size();
	let normalized_coords: Vec<NormalizedCoord> = run.normalized_coords().iter().map(|c| NormalizedCoord::from_bits(*c)).collect();

	let Ok(font_ref) = SkrifaFontRef::from_index(font.data.as_ref(), font.index) else { return };
	let outlines = font_ref.outline_glyphs();

	let mut bez_path = BezPath::new();
	for glyph in glyph_run.glyphs() {
		let ox = (run_x + glyph.x) as f64;
		let oy = (run_y - glyph.y) as f64;
		run_x += glyph.advance;

		let Some(outline) = outlines.get(GlyphId::from(glyph.id)) else { continue };
		let settings = DrawSettings::unhinted(Size::new(font_size_pts), LocationRef::new(&normalized_coords));

		bez_path.truncate(0);
		let path = &mut bez_path;
		let mut pen = GlyphOutlinePen { path, ox, oy, tilt_tan };
		if outline.draw(settings, &mut pen).is_ok() && !bez_path.elements().is_empty() {
			emit(&bez_path);
		} else if space_extra != 0. && glyph.advance > 0. {
			run_x += space_extra;
		}
	}
}

/// Lays out the text item at `index` and returns its local size and transform. The `BoundingBox` trait can't do
/// this since a bare `String` carries no typography, so click-target and bounding-box computation share this. Falls back to an em
/// square if the font isn't registered yet.
fn text_item_size_and_transform<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, index: usize) -> Option<(DVec2, DAffine2)> {
	let text = source.element(index)?;
	let font: Resource = {
		let f = source.attr::<Font>(index);
		if f.is_empty() { text_nodes::FALLBACK_FONT_RESOURCE.clone() } else { f.clone() }
	};
	let font_size: f64 = source.attr::<FontSize>(index);
	let line_height: f64 = source.attr::<LineHeight>(index);
	let letter_spacing: f64 = source.attr::<LetterSpacing>(index);
	let max_width: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxWidth>(index);
	let max_height: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxHeight>(index);
	let align: text_nodes::TextAlign = source.attr::<TextAlign>(index);
	let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);

	let typesetting = text_nodes::TypesettingConfig {
		font_size,
		line_height_ratio: line_height,
		letter_spacing,
		letter_tilt: 0.,
		max_width,
		max_height,
		align,
	};

	let (width, height) = text_nodes::TextContext::with_thread_local(|ctx| {
		ctx.layout_text(text, &font, typesetting).map(|layout| {
			let w = max_width.unwrap_or_else(|| layout.width() as f64);
			let h = max_height.unwrap_or_else(|| layout.height() as f64);
			(w, h)
		})
	})
	.unwrap_or((font_size, font_size));

	Some((DVec2::new(width, height), transform))
}

/// Union bounding box of a styled text source, laid out per item. The `BoundingBox` trait returns `None` for `List<String>`
/// (a bare `String` has no extent), so text-layer thumbnails and bounds use this instead. Each item is laid out under `outer_transform`.
pub fn text_list_bounding_box<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, outer_transform: DAffine2) -> RenderBoundingBox {
	let mut bounds: Option<[DVec2; 2]> = None;
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some((size, transform)) = text_item_size_and_transform(source, index) else { continue };
		let full_transform = outer_transform * transform;
		for corner in [DVec2::ZERO, DVec2::new(size.x, 0.), DVec2::new(0., size.y), size] {
			let point = full_transform.transform_point2(corner);
			bounds = Some(match bounds {
				Some([min, max]) => [min.min(point), max.max(point)],
				None => [point, point],
			});
		}
	}
	match bounds {
		Some(bounds) => RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds),
		None => RenderBoundingBox::None,
	}
}

/// Like `List<Graphic>::thumbnail_bounding_box`, but lays out `Graphic::Text` items, which the `BoundingBox` trait reports as `None`.
/// Used for layer thumbnails so text layers (whose content is a `List<Graphic>` wrapping the text) frame their content.
pub fn graphic_list_bounding_box<'e, S: LaneSource<Element = Graphic<'e>>>(source: &S, transform: DAffine2) -> RenderBoundingBox {
	let mut combined: Option<[DVec2; 2]> = None;
	let mut any_infinite = false;

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let item_transform = transform * source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let Some(graphic) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		let bounds = match graphic {
			Graphic::Text(text) => text_list_bounding_box(&Single(text), item_transform),
			Graphic::Graphic(sub_list) => graphic_list_bounding_box(sub_list, item_transform),
			other => other.thumbnail_bounding_box(item_transform, true),
		};
		match bounds {
			RenderBoundingBox::None => {}
			RenderBoundingBox::Infinite => any_infinite = true,
			RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle([min, max]) => {
				combined = Some(match combined {
					Some([existing_min, existing_max]) => [existing_min.min(min), existing_max.max(max)],
					None => [min, max],
				})
			}
		}
	}

	match (combined, any_infinite) {
		(Some(bounds), _) => RenderBoundingBox::Rectangle(bounds),
		(None, true) => RenderBoundingBox::Infinite,
		(None, false) => RenderBoundingBox::None,
	}
}

fn render_text_svg<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(text) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		if text.is_empty() {
			continue;
		}

		let transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let font: Resource = {
			let f = source.attr::<Font>(index);
			if f.is_empty() { text_nodes::FALLBACK_FONT_RESOURCE.clone() } else { f.clone() }
		};
		let font_size: f64 = source.attr::<FontSize>(index);
		let line_height: f64 = source.attr::<LineHeight>(index);
		let letter_spacing: f64 = source.attr::<LetterSpacing>(index);
		let max_width: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxWidth>(index);
		let max_height: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxHeight>(index);
		let letter_tilt: f64 = source.attr::<LetterTilt>(index);
		let align: text_nodes::TextAlign = source.attr::<TextAlign>(index);
		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;

		let typesetting = text_nodes::TypesettingConfig {
			font_size,
			line_height_ratio: line_height,
			letter_spacing,
			letter_tilt,
			max_width,
			max_height,
			align,
		};

		let mut glyph_paths: Vec<String> = Vec::new();

		text_nodes::TextContext::with_thread_local(|ctx| {
			let Some(layout) = ctx.layout_text(text, &font, typesetting) else { return };
			let tilt_tan = letter_tilt.to_radians().tan();

			text_nodes::for_each_styled_glyph_run(&layout, text, typesetting, |glyph_run, x_offset, space_extra| {
				draw_glyph_run_to_bezpaths(glyph_run, x_offset, space_extra, tilt_tan, |bez_path| {
					glyph_paths.push(bez_path.to_svg());
				});
			});
		});

		if glyph_paths.is_empty() {
			continue;
		}

		// Wrap all glyph <path> elements in a <g> with the item's transform/opacity/blend-mode.
		render.parent_tag(
			"g",
			|attributes| {
				let matrix = format_transform_matrix(transform);
				if !matrix.is_empty() {
					attributes.push("transform", matrix);
				}
				if opacity < 1. {
					attributes.push("opacity", opacity.to_string());
				}
				if blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default() {
					attributes.push("style", blend_mode_attr.render());
				}
			},
			|render| {
				for path_d in glyph_paths {
					render.leaf_tag("path", |attributes| {
						attributes.push("d", path_d);
						if let RenderMode::Outline = render_params.render_mode {
							attributes.push("fill", "none");
							attributes.push("stroke", "black");
							attributes.push("stroke-width", "1");
						} else {
							attributes.push("fill", "black");
							attributes.push("fill-rule", "nonzero");
						}
					});
				}
			},
		);
	}
}

fn render_text_vello<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, render_params: &RenderParams) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some(text) = source.element(index) else { continue };
		if text.is_empty() {
			continue;
		}

		let item_transform: DAffine2 = source.attr::<Transform>(index);
		let font: Resource = {
			let f = source.attr::<Font>(index);
			if f.is_empty() { text_nodes::FALLBACK_FONT_RESOURCE.clone() } else { f.clone() }
		};
		let font_size: f64 = source.attr::<FontSize>(index);
		let line_height: f64 = source.attr::<LineHeight>(index);
		let letter_spacing: f64 = source.attr::<LetterSpacing>(index);
		let max_width: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxWidth>(index);
		let max_height: Option<f64> = source.attr::<MaxHeight>(index);
		let letter_tilt: f64 = source.attr::<LetterTilt>(index);
		let align: text_nodes::TextAlign = source.attr::<TextAlign>(index);
		let blend_mode_attr: BlendMode = source.attr::<BlendModeAttr>(index);
		let opacity_attr: f64 = source.attr::<Opacity>(index);
		let opacity_fill_attr: f64 = source.attr::<OpacityFill>(index);
		let opacity = (opacity_attr * if render_params.for_mask { 1. } else { opacity_fill_attr }) as f32;

		let typesetting = text_nodes::TypesettingConfig {
			font_size,
			line_height_ratio: line_height,
			letter_spacing,
			letter_tilt,
			max_width,
			max_height,
			align,
		};

		let affine = Affine::new((transform * item_transform).to_cols_array());

		text_nodes::TextContext::with_thread_local(|ctx| {
			let Some(layout) = ctx.layout_text(text, &font, typesetting) else { return };

			let needs_layer = opacity < 1. || blend_mode_attr != BlendMode::default();
			if needs_layer {
				let alignment_width = max_width.map(|w| w as f32).unwrap_or_else(|| layout.full_width());
				let blending = peniko::BlendMode::new(blend_mode_attr.to_peniko(), peniko::Compose::SrcOver);
				let padding = font_size;
				let bounds = kurbo::Rect::new(-padding, -padding, alignment_width as f64 + padding, layout.height() as f64 + padding);
				let transformed_bounds = affine.transform_rect_bbox(bounds);
				scene.push_layer(peniko::Fill::NonZero, blending, opacity, kurbo::Affine::IDENTITY, &transformed_bounds);
			}

			let tilt_tan = letter_tilt.to_radians().tan();

			text_nodes::for_each_styled_glyph_run(&layout, text, typesetting, |glyph_run, x_offset, space_extra| {
				draw_glyph_run_to_bezpaths(glyph_run, x_offset, space_extra, tilt_tan, |bez_path| {
					if let RenderMode::Outline = render_params.render_mode {
						let (outline_stroke, outline_color) = get_outline_styles(render_params);
						scene.stroke(&outline_stroke, affine, outline_color, None, bez_path);
					} else {
						scene.fill(peniko::Fill::NonZero, affine, peniko::Color::BLACK, None, bez_path);
					}
				});
			});

			if needs_layer {
				scene.pop_layer();
			}
		});
	}
}

fn collect_text_metadata<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
	// Click targets are baked relative to item 0's transform, which `Graphic::collect_metadata` records as `local_transforms[element_id]`.
	let item_zero_transform: DAffine2 = if source.lane_count() > 0 { source.attr::<Transform>(0) } else { DAffine2::IDENTITY };
	let item_zero_inverse = if item_zero_transform.matrix2.determinant() != 0. {
		item_zero_transform.inverse()
	} else {
		DAffine2::IDENTITY
	};

	let mut accumulated_click_targets: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<Arc<ClickTarget>>> = HashMap::new();

	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let layer_path: &[NodeId] = source.attr::<EditorLayerPath>(index);
		let layer = layer_path.last().copied();
		let Some(element_id) = caller_element_id.or(layer) else { continue };

		// When recovering element_id from the item's tag (caller passed None), also store the transform metadata.
		if caller_element_id.is_none() {
			metadata.upstream_footprints.entry(element_id).or_insert(footprint);
			metadata.local_transforms.entry(element_id).or_insert(item_zero_transform);
		}

		let Some((size, item_transform)) = text_item_size_and_transform(source, index) else { continue };
		let subpath = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, size);
		let mut target = ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath, 0.);
		target.apply_transform(item_zero_inverse * item_transform);
		accumulated_click_targets.entry(element_id).or_default().push(Arc::new(target));
	}

	// One rectangle per text item, reused for the selection outline (there's no letterform geometry to outline at this stage).
	for (element_id, targets) in accumulated_click_targets {
		metadata.outlines.insert(element_id, targets.clone());
		metadata.click_targets.insert(element_id, targets);
	}
}

fn add_text_upstream_click_targets<S: LaneSource<Element = String>>(source: &S, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
	for index in 0..source.lane_count() {
		let Some((size, transform)) = text_item_size_and_transform(source, index) else { continue };
		let subpath = Subpath::new_rectangle(DVec2::ZERO, size);
		let mut target = ClickTarget::new_with_subpath(subpath, 0.);
		target.apply_transform(transform);
		click_targets.push(target);
	}
}

impl Render for List<String> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_text_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_text_vello(self, scene, transform, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_text_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, caller_element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_text_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Graphic<'_>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_graphic_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_graphic_vello(self, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_graphic_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_graphic_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_graphic_upstream_outline_targets(self, outlines)
	}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		graphic_contains_artboard(self)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Vector> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_vector_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_vector_vello(self, scene, parent_transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_vector_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, caller_element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_vector_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn add_upstream_outline_targets(&self, outlines: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_vector_upstream_outline_targets(self, outlines)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Raster<CPU>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_raster_cpu_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, _: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_raster_cpu_vello(self, scene, transform, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_raster_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_raster_upstream_click_targets(click_targets)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Color> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_color_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, _parent_transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_color_vello(self, scene, render_params)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Gradient> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_gradient_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, parent_transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_gradient_vello(self, scene, parent_transform, render_params)
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, Artboard<'_>> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_artboard_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_artboard_vello(self, scene, transform, context, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, _element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_artboard_metadata(self, metadata, footprint)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_artboard_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}

	fn contains_artboard(&self) -> bool {
		self.lane_count() > 0
	}
}

impl Render for RunView<'_, String> {
	fn render_svg(&self, render: &mut SvgRender, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_text_svg(self, render, render_params)
	}

	fn render_to_vello(&self, scene: &mut Scene, transform: DAffine2, _context: &mut RenderContext, render_params: &RenderParams) {
		render_text_vello(self, scene, transform, render_params)
	}

	fn collect_metadata(&self, metadata: &mut RenderMetadata, footprint: Footprint, caller_element_id: Option<NodeId>) {
		collect_text_metadata(self, metadata, footprint, caller_element_id)
	}

	fn add_upstream_click_targets(&self, click_targets: &mut Vec<ClickTarget>) {
		add_text_upstream_click_targets(self, click_targets)
	}
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SvgSegment {
	Slice(&'static str),
	String(String),
}

impl From<String> for SvgSegment {
	fn from(value: String) -> Self {
		Self::String(value)
	}
}

impl From<&'static str> for SvgSegment {
	fn from(value: &'static str) -> Self {
		Self::Slice(value)
	}
}

pub trait RenderSvgSegmentList {
	fn to_svg_string(&self) -> String;
}

impl RenderSvgSegmentList for Vec<SvgSegment> {
	fn to_svg_string(&self) -> String {
		let mut result = String::new();
		for segment in self.iter() {
			result.push_str(match segment {
				SvgSegment::Slice(x) => x,
				SvgSegment::String(x) => x,
			});
		}
		result
	}
}

pub struct SvgRenderAttrs<'a>(&'a mut SvgRender);

impl SvgRenderAttrs<'_> {
	pub fn push_complex(&mut self, name: impl Into<SvgSegment>, value: impl FnOnce(&mut SvgRender)) {
		self.0.svg.push(" ".into());
		self.0.svg.push(name.into());
		self.0.svg.push("=\"".into());
		value(self.0);
		self.0.svg.push("\"".into());
	}
	pub fn push(&mut self, name: impl Into<SvgSegment>, value: impl Into<SvgSegment>) {
		self.push_complex(name, move |renderer| renderer.svg.push(value.into()));
	}
	pub fn push_val(&mut self, value: impl Into<SvgSegment>) {
		self.0.svg.push(value.into());
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod group_walk_tests {
	use super::*;
	use core_types::record::{FieldWrite, RunBuilder, element_write_hashed};
	use graphic_types::markers::Fill;
	use graphic_types::vector_types::vector::PointId;

	fn unit_square_at(corner: DVec2) -> Vector {
		Vector::from_subpath(Subpath::<PointId>::new_rectangle(corner, corner + DVec2::ONE))
	}

	fn color_paint() -> List<Graphic<'static>> {
		List::new_from_element(Graphic::Color(Color::from_rgbaf32(0.8, 0.2, 0.33, 1.).unwrap()))
	}

	fn rendered_svg(render: impl FnOnce(&mut SvgRender)) -> (String, String) {
		let mut svg_render = SvgRender::new();
		render(&mut svg_render);
		let output: SvgRenderOutput = svg_render.into();
		(output.svg, output.svg_defs)
	}

	#[test]
	fn a_vector_run_group_renders_its_rows_without_layer_wrappers() {
		let paint = color_paint();
		let vectors = [unit_square_at(DVec2::ZERO), unit_square_at(DVec2::new(3., 1.))];
		let arena = core_types::arena::Arena::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
		let mut builder = RunBuilder::new(&arena, element_write_hashed::<Vector>(), &[FieldWrite::of::<Fill>(0)], 2).unwrap();
		let lane = builder.push(vectors[0].clone()).unwrap();
		builder.attr::<Fill>(lane, Some(&paint));
		builder.push(vectors[1].clone()).unwrap();
		let item = builder.finish();
		let group = Group { row: None, content: item };

		let params = RenderParams::default();
		let native = rendered_svg(|render| Graphic::Group(group.clone()).render_svg(render, &params));

		let expected = "\n<path d=\"M0,0 L1,0 L1,1 L0,1 L0,0 Z\" fill=\"#e77c9b\"/>\n<path d=\"M3,1 L4,1 L4,2 L3,2 L3,1 Z\" fill=\"none\"/>";
		assert_eq!(native, (expected.to_string(), String::new()));
	}

	#[test]
	fn lane_paint_on_a_graphic_run_reaches_vector_interiors() {
		let paint = color_paint();
		let inner = Graphic::Vector(unit_square_at(DVec2::ZERO));
		let arena = core_types::arena::Arena::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
		let mut builder = RunBuilder::new(&arena, element_write_hashed::<Graphic>(), &[FieldWrite::of::<Fill>(0)], 1).unwrap();
		let lane = builder.push(inner.clone()).unwrap();
		builder.attr::<Fill>(lane, Some(&paint));
		let item = builder.finish();
		let group = Group { row: None, content: item };

		let params = RenderParams::default();
		let native = rendered_svg(|render| Graphic::Group(group.clone()).render_svg(render, &params));
		let legacy = rendered_svg(|render| Graphic::Graphic(graphic_types::graphic::group_to_legacy_list(&group)).render_svg(render, &params));

		assert!(native.0.contains(r##"fill="#"##), "the lane's fill paint must reach the vector interior: {}", native.0);
		assert_eq!(native, legacy);
	}

	#[test]
	fn a_group_collects_its_lane_metadata_for_the_caller() {
		let paint = color_paint();
		let vectors = [unit_square_at(DVec2::ZERO)];
		let arena = core_types::arena::Arena::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
		let mut builder = RunBuilder::new(&arena, element_write_hashed::<Vector>(), &[FieldWrite::of::<Fill>(0)], 1).unwrap();
		let lane = builder.push(vectors[0].clone()).unwrap();
		builder.attr::<Fill>(lane, Some(&paint));
		let item = builder.finish();
		let group = Group { row: None, content: item };

		let footprint = Footprint::default();
		let caller = NodeId(9);

		let mut native = RenderMetadata::default();
		Graphic::Group(group.clone()).collect_metadata(&mut native, footprint, Some(caller));

		assert!(native.click_targets.get(&caller).is_some_and(|targets| !targets.is_empty()));
		assert!(native.outlines.get(&caller).is_some_and(|targets| !targets.is_empty()));
		assert!(native.local_transforms.contains_key(&caller));
		assert!(native.upstream_footprints.contains_key(&caller));
		assert_eq!(native.vector_data.get(&caller).map(|vector| vector.as_ref()), Some(&vectors[0]));
		assert!(native.fill_attributes.get(&caller).is_some_and(|fill| matches!(fill.element(0), Some(Graphic::Color(_)))));
	}

	#[test]
	fn a_group_serves_its_legacy_lowerings_click_targets() {
		let paint = color_paint();
		let vectors = [unit_square_at(DVec2::ZERO), unit_square_at(DVec2::new(2., 2.))];
		let arena = core_types::arena::Arena::new(1 << 16).unwrap();
		let mut builder = RunBuilder::new(&arena, element_write_hashed::<Vector>(), &[FieldWrite::of::<Fill>(0)], 2).unwrap();
		let lane = builder.push(vectors[0].clone()).unwrap();
		builder.attr::<Fill>(lane, Some(&paint));
		builder.push(vectors[1].clone()).unwrap();
		let item = builder.finish();
		let group = Group { row: None, content: item };

		let mut native = Vec::new();
		Graphic::Group(group.clone()).add_upstream_click_targets(&mut native);
		let mut legacy = Vec::new();
		graphic_types::graphic::group_to_legacy_list(&group).add_upstream_click_targets(&mut legacy);

		assert!(!native.is_empty());
		assert_eq!(native, legacy);

		let mut native_outlines = Vec::new();
		Graphic::Group(group).add_upstream_outline_targets(&mut native_outlines);
		assert_eq!(native_outlines, legacy);
	}
}