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\subsection{Other applications}
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Minimap2 retains minimap's functionality to find overlaps between long reads
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and to search against huge multi-species databases such as \emph{nt} from NCBI.
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Minimap2 can also align similar genomes or different assemblies of the same
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species. It took 7 wall-clock minutes over 8 CPU cores to align a human SMRT
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assembly (AC:GCA\_001297185.1) to GRCh38, over 20 times as fast as
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and to search against large multi-species databases such as \emph{nt} from
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NCBI. Minimap2 can also align similar genomes or different assemblies of the
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same species. It took 7 wall-clock minutes over 8 CPU cores to align a human
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SMRT assembly (AC:GCA\_001297185.1) to GRCh38, over 20 times as fast as
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MUMmer4~\citep{Kurtz:2004zr}.
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\section{Conclusion}
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\section{Discussions}
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Minimap2 is a fast, accurate and versatile aligner for long nucleotide
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sequences.
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Minimap2 is a versatile mapper and pairwise aligner for nucleotide sequences.
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It works with short reads, assembly contigs and long noisy genomic and RNA-seq
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reads. It can be used as a read mapper, long-read overlapper or a full-genome
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aligner. Minimap2 is also accurate and efficient, often outperforming other
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domain-specific alignment tools in terms of both speed and accuracy.
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The capability of minimap2 comes from a fast base-level alignment algorithm and
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an accurate chaining algorithm. When aligning long query sequences, base-level
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alignment is often the performance bottleneck. The Suzuki-Kasahara algorithm
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greatly alleviates the bottleneck and enables DP-based splice alignment
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involving $>$100kb introns, which was impractically slow ten years ago. The
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minimap2 chaining algorithm is fast and highly accurate by itself. In fact,
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chaining alone is more accurate than all the other long-read mappers in
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Fig.~\ref{fig:eval}a (data not shown). This accuracy helps to reduce downstream
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base-level alignment of candidate chains, which is still times slower than
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chaining even with the Suzuki-Kasahara improvement. In addition, taking a
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general form, minimap2 chaining can be adapted to non-typical data types such
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spliced reads and multiple reads per fragment. This gives us the opportunity to
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extend the same base algorithm to a variety of use cases.
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\section*{Acknowledgements}
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We owe a debt of gratitude to H. Suzuki and M. Kasahara for releasing their
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